


: J 



•' •• 






Class ld<otfZ 
Book JTC 



Copyright If. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



Locomotive Boiler Construction 



A PRACTICAL TREATISE 
For Boilermakers, Boiler Users and In- 
spectors* Treats on the best modern 
methods of boiler construction, from the 
laying out of sheets to the completed 
Boiler. Shows all types of construction ; 
practical facts, such as life of riveting 
punches and dies, work done per day, 
allowance for bending and flanging 
sheets and much other valuable data. 

By 
FRANK B. KLEINHANS 




FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH DETAILED ENGRAVINGS 
AND FOLDLNG PLATES 



New York 

The Norman W* Henley Publishing Co. 

132 Nassau Street 
1912 



^ 



<& t W 



Copyright 1904 
By THE DLRRY-COLLARD CO. 



Copyright 1912 
By THE NORMAN W, HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 










©CLA309241 

As / 



Preface. 



In presenting this work it is not intended to give a 
large quantity of theoretical matter which would be un- 
interesting to the builder; nor to give a lot of new, un- 
tried material. The matter which has been compiled for 
this work represents the most modern practice. Only the 
best and the most rapid methods of the large builders and 
railroads are given, so that one following the line of work 
which is here laid out will not run behind in these modern 
days of progress. 

In trying to get this matter together in such shape as 
to be generally useful, it has been deemed inadvisable to 
illustrate and describe the methods used by the builders 
of each one of the many prominent boilers now being 
built for various classes of work. And as the different 
operations on different makes of boilers are so similar to 
each other, it has been considered best to devote a section 
to the description of boilers in general. Following this, 
the locomotive boiler- is taken up in the order in which 
the matter goes through the shop. 

It begins with the laying out of sheets, and gives 
the necessary information that will enable a boiler maker 
to lay out the different sheets which go together to make 
up the boiler. Several methods have been given for the 
development of the slope sheet, as it is not always pos- 
sible to lay out this sheet by the same methods. Then 
follows a section on shearing. At this time all the super- 
flous metal is removed and the sheet is prepared for the 



Preface. 

flanging operation. After the sheet is flanged, the super- 
flcus metal must be trimmed off, the holes punched or 
drilled as the case may be and the edges prepared for 
calking. 

A section is then devoted to bending, as there is 
scarcely a boiler of any size or style which does not have 
to go through the bending roll sometime during its con- 
struction. Then follows a section on assembling and 
calking, and one on details. 

Owing to the misuse that the machines in the boiler 
shop receive, it has been considered best to add a section 
on boiler shop machinery, showing the points of the ma- 
chine which are liable to become broken through care- 
lessness ; and also such other instructions which would en- 
able one to keep his machine in good running order and 
make any repairs which are necessary from time to time. 

Sections are given on the testing of the boiler and 
finally one is devoted to useful tables. These tables have 
been grouped together and are intended to give one, as 
near as possible, all the matter which is necessary in 
connection with the construction of a boiler, together with 
the stresses which would be set up in the various mem- 
bers due to the steam pressure and expansion. 

A short description of tables has been given wher- 
ever it has been considered necessary. Following this 
will be found a number of plates showing several differ- 
ent types of modern locomotive boilers. In the selection 
of the sheets as examples and also in the plates, etc., the 
most difficult sheets have been selected and a different 
variety of boilers chosen, so that a person becoming 
capable of laying out and following these sheets through 
the shop would have no difficulty in handling any boiler 
made. 

8 



Various Types of Boilers 




Generally speaking there are many types of boilers 
being made to suit the various conditions of space, lo- 
cality, water, fuel, etc. In all of them, however, we have 
one or the other or both of two underlying principles in 
their construction. First, the form in which heat is ap- 
plied from the inside of the tubes, usually known as the 
fire tube boiler. Second, the form in which heat is ap- 
plied outside of the tube, which is generally known as 
the water tube boiler. A good example of the water tube 
boiler will be found in the Babcock & Wilcox boiler. The 
tubes in this boiler are inclosed at an angle to the horizon 
and they are divided lengthwise into sections so that the 
gases coming from the furnace pass through one of the 
sections, are deflected down through another, then turn 
vertically and pass through the third section from which 
they are led off into the chimney. 

The ends of these tubes are secured in steel headers 
and over each tube or nest of tubes we have a cover plate. 
The steam as it is generated in these tubes must be con- 
ducted to a dome of some sort in order that we may have 
a store of steam on hand. This usually takes the form 
of a cylindrical drum which is rolled up and riveted in 
the same manner as the locomotive or vertical boiler. 
The heads are made of flanged steel and are usually pro- 



Types of boilers. 

vided with hand holes for cleaning. Of course this boiler 
is only taken as an example of many other boilers of sim- 
ilar construction and which differ from this boiler in the 
location and arrangement of the various parts. 

The Heine boiler is another example. These are 
made in very large units, each of which occupies con- 
siderable space. The tubes are inclined at an angle and 
are secured at each end to heads which are made of 
flanged steel. The head is composed of two pieces ; each 
one of these pieces is riveted to a tie piece, thus forming 
a box of great strength. These two boxes are flanged 
out at the top to receive a cylindrical shell which not only 
serves as a storage space for steam but is also partly filled 
with water. 

This shell is made up in exactly the same manner as 
the various courses of a locomotive boiler. The two ex- 
amples which have been given represent good modern 
construction of water tube boilers and while there are 
many different makes of water tube boilers, yet there are 
thousands of places where the fire tube boiler is preferred 
for one reason or another and so we find as many dif- 
ferent types of fire tube boilers in operation in all parts 
of the country and for all classes of work. In the case 
of the Scotch marine boiler the grate is entirely enclosed 
within the boiler itself. The gases impinge against the 
walls of the fire box and then pass through the inside of 
a large number of tubes. The gases then turn and come 
back through another series of tubes to the front end of 
the boiler, passing from here into the stack. In this type 
of boiler we have a cylindrical shell which is built up of 
riveted plates. The ends of the boiler are provided with 
flanged heads into which the tubes are secured. 

The fire box has many different forms, but they are 



Types of boilers. 

classed under the head of one, two, or three-furnace, as 
the case may be. There are also many boilers used for 
marine purposes which are very similar to the locomotive 
boiler, being arranged with a fire box, combustion cham- 
ber and the usual arrangement of tubes as seen on the 
general run of locomotive boilers. They are rarely used 
as a single boiler, but are arranged in a bank of two or 
more and fitted up with steam connections and steam 
drums so that any one of the boilers can be taken out of 
service without interfering with the rest. 

Then we have, both upon land and water, a type of 
boiler which, owing to its simplicity, is so largely found 
everywhere we go. It consists of a cylindrical tube of 
large diameter built up in a similar manner to the various 
courses of a locomotive boiler and arranged with two 
cylindrical flanged heads. Into these heads are secured 
tubes of large diameter. The furnace is supported upon 
braces which are riveted to the side and which are built 
into brick walls. The hot gases coming from the fire 
play against the bottom of this horizontal boiler, pass to 
a combustion chamber at the far end, then turn and come 
back through the tubes and finally off to the chimney or 
stack. 

The machinery for handling the different operations 
on these boilers is exactly the same as that used in a lo- 
comotive boiler shop, but, of course, the operations are 
much more simple. The dies are easily constructed and 
things can be kept more to a standard than in any other 
class of boiler. 

We then have a class of boilers which are largely 
used in different forms which, instead of being located 
in a horizontal position, is vertical. Many of the 
boilers of small capacity for both stationary or portable 



Types of boilers. 

work are designed in this manner. The fire box is en- 
closed within the boiler. From the upper portion of the 
fire box fire tubes lead to the top of the boiler and are 
secured to a flanged head. The boiler is cylindrical and 
the sides extend on through to receive the connections 
for the stack. Of course this is a cheap boiler to build. 
The process of laving out the different parts is compara- 
tively simple but with these advantages of construction 
there comes along with the boiler a disadvantage and 
that is that it is not at all economical in the consumption 
of fuel necessary to run it. 

We thus find that whatever style of boiler we take 
up it has much in common with the locomotive boiler. 
In addition to these two classes of boilers there is still 
another class which is a combination of both the water 
tube and fire tube, thus the lower portion of a certain 
make is arranged with water tubes while the top portion 
is arranged with fire tubes. Of course these tubes may 
be large or small, indeed the range is so great that with 
the increased size of the tubes, it is either necessary to 
corrugate the tubes as in the case of those in which the 
fire box is enclosed within the boiler as in many types of 
marine boilers. Or else the tube must be stayed externally 
to keep it from collapsing. In the Galloway boiler, for 
instance, we have a tube which is not cylindrical but which 
is prevented from collapsing by conical cross tubes which 
are flanged out on the ends and riveted to the side of the 
boiler. 

The various fire boxes, combustion chambers, steam 
drums, domes, fittings, etc., have in them much the same 
idea as we find in the locomotive boiler. As the locomo- 
tive boiler better represents the general class of boilers 
than anv other and as this class of boilers is so exten- 



Types of boilers. 

sively used at the present day and must necessarily be 
used for many years to come, it has been deemed advis- 
able to use it as an example of steam boilers and treat 
the various operations of laying out, shearing, flanging, 
bending, riveting, etc., under their separate heads. Any- 
one who is capable of taking the complicated flanged 
sheets of some of our modern locomotive boilers and fol- 
low them through from the laying out bench to the hy- 
draulic press, to the riveting machine and finally to the 
finished boiler, would be capable of handling any of the 
sheets found in the construction of any other style of 
toiler. 

The various details given under the head of boiler 
details of course applies to the locomotive boiler, but the 
arrangement of the safety valves, check valves, injectors, 
domes, etc., bear a striking similarity to each other on 
whatever type of boiler we may choose to take up. 




Gusset sheet development. 






'id I // > , 

i 1 1 A ? 



\ •> 




The Practical Construction 
of the Locomotive Boiler. 




Laying Out Work. 



In the general make up of the Locomotive Boiler, 
there are many cylindrical sheets, and in addition to 
these, there are others, such as the gusset or slope sheet, 
crown sheet, side sheets, throat sheet, etc., which have 
shapes other than cylindrical. The majority of these 
sheets are very irregular in shape, and follow almost 
no law. The gusset sheet, perhaps, comes nearest to 




The Lerry Collard Co. 

Top portion of gusset sheet. 



following a certain law, and even this sheet, although 
spoken of as being a section of a cone, is really a peculiar 
shaped cone, which instead of being circular at sections 

IS 



Gusset sheet development. 

perpendicular to the axis, is circular at sections perpen- 
dicular to the center line of the boiler. 

A gusset sheet which has the shape of a perfect cone 
is very easily developed. The bending line of the sheet 
when developed, can be struck by a radius from the 
center of the cone. The cases where this is used are very 
rare. The most common style of gusset sheet is shown in 
Fig. i. The lower element being parallel to the center of 
the boiler, while the circular ends are at right angles to it. 
The Development of the Gusset Sheet Shown in Fig. I. 

Fig. 2 shows the top portion of a gusset sheet. A 
flat portion for about an inch more than is required for 
the seam, is allowed at each end. The bending line of the 
sheet is taken equal to L in this figure. This corresponds 
to the L in Fig. I. D is the front neutral diameter, and 
D° is the back neutral diameter. Strike semi-circles on 
these diameters, and divide them into any number of 
equal parts. In this c^se each circle is divided into eight 
parts. Continue the lower element, far enough, so that 
when the top element is continued they will intersect at 
some point, as O. This point is the apex of the cone, of 
which this sheet is a part. From O, with radii R and R°, 
strike two reference circles as shown in the figure. R° is 
determined by calculation as follows : 

D° : R° :: D° — D : L 

R° (D° — D) =L X D° 

D° 
R° = L 



D°— D 



If the construction is being. made to a smaller scale 
than full size, this distance R°, of course, will be meas- 

16 



Gusset sheet development. 

ured with the same scale to which you are working. 
Project the points in these two circles upon their respec- 
tive diameters, by placing the point of the compass 
on the lower extremity of the diameter, and then carry 
these points over radially as shown in the figure. From 
the point O with a radius equal to the arc O — i strike 
an arc as shown. From O with a radius equal to the 
arc O — i° strike another arc, as shown, on the other 
side. The first element will be tangent to these two 
circles. Since the points in the circles have been pro- 
jected into the plane upon which we are working, the 
true length of the first element will be the distance from 
i to i°. These two points in the development, will be 
the same distance from the reference circle that they are 
now. Measure off the distance, therefore, from the 
reference circle to these points, and strike off these dis- 
tances, to determine the developed position of the first 
element. 

Strike off a new set of arcs, and then measure off the 
distance from the reference circles to the second set of 
points, strike another set of arcs from the reference 
circles, and determine the position of the second element. 
Continue this process until the eighth element is de- 
veloped. When the seam is on the top center, this eighth 
element will be the center line of the sheet, and if con- 
tinued, should also pass through the center of the cone. 
This is a proof of the accuracy of the construction. 

The Development of the Gusset Sheet Shown in Fig. 3. 

A very common form of gusset sheet is shown in Fig. 
3. In this case the lower element of the gusset is not 
parallel to the center line of the boiler, which means that 
the circular ends will be inclined to this element, and the 

17 



Gusset sheet development. 



! I J. »Jr °*o °if 



i \ 



°co 1 




18 



Gusset sheet development. 

construction shown in Fig. I will not answer. Referring 
to Fig. 3, D is the front neutral diameter, and D° the 
back neutral diameter. The length 1 is usually an even 
figure, but the length L will be obtained from the right 
angle triangle, of which L is the hypothenuse, and 1 one 
of the sides. This can either be calculated or laid down 
to full size and accurately measured. 

Knowing L, therefore, the length R° will be de- 
termined in the same way as in Fig. I, and we will have 



D° 

R° = L z-— — — . The lower element is now continued 



a sufficient distance to obtain the center. The continua- 
tion of the lower element, in any case, is very accurately 
done, by sticking a pin, or a needle, at the point 8°, and 
then stretching a thread from 8° through 8. By moving 
the thread back and forth, until it passes directly through 
the point 8, the center o of the cone, can easily be located 
on this line. Strike the two reference circles R and R°. 
Strike complete circles on D and D°, and divide each half 
of these circles in the same number of parts, in this case 
8. Project the points on the right hand side of these 
circles radially on the diameter, and project the corre- 
sponding points on the left hand side perpendicularly on 
the diameter. For clearness in showing the construction, 
we will look at the small circle, and take the point 4 in 
the right and left hand side of this circle. From the 
intersection of the projected point 4 on the left hand side, 
draw a line at right angles to the lower element, until it 
intersects the arc 4~4 X , at the point 4 ± . 

In this same way, determine all the points i x , 2 ± , 3^ 
and so on. Also the points i^, 2 X ° , 3^, and so on. 

19 



Gusset sheet development. 




Figure 4 
Development of gusset sheet whose center is inaccessible. 



20 



Gusset sheet development. 

From o and o° as centers, strike arcs with radii o-i and 
o°-i° respectively. Then measure off the distance from 
the reference circle to I, and step this distance off and 
thus determine the point i°. In the same way, measure 
off the distance from the reference circle to i^, and 
step this off, thus determine the point i 2 °. We have then 
found the developed position of the first element. Strike 
off a new set of arcs and measure off the distances from 
the reference circles to the next points. Step these dis- 
tances off and thus determine the position 2 2 -2 2 ° . Con- 
tinue this operation until the eighth element is developed. 
With the seam on the top center, this line will be the 
center line of the sheet, and if continued, will also pass 
through the center of the cone. If it does not, the con- 
struction has not been properly made. 

The Development of a Gusset Sheet, Whose Center is 

Inaccessible. Fig. 4. 

The following is a method for developing the slope 
sheet of a Locomotive Boiler, when the center from 
which the elements start is so far away that it would 
be impossible to operate a trammel stick of sufficient 
length to develop the sheet by the methods shown in Fig. 
1 and Fig. 3. L is the length between bending lines of 
the slope sheet. D is the front neutral diameter, D° is 
the back neutral diameter. Upon these two diameters 
strike semi-circles as shown, and divide each of them 
into the same number of equal parts. Eight parts will 
be sufficient for all ordinary cases, as the difference be- 
tween the length of the chord and the arc will not appear 
in the construction, as will be shown a little later. 

Beginning at the slope line, with a radius o-i. and 



Gusset sheet development. 

from o as a center, strike the small arc as shown. The 
length of this radius will be found by laying down the 
half circumference of the neutral diameter D (from a 
table) along a straight line; then having divided the line 
into eight equal parts, the length of one of these parts 
will be the radius, which of course will be exactly as long 
as the arc, instead of the. length of the chord. From 
o°, as a center, and with o°-i,° as radii, strike another 
arc as shown. The length of this arc will be found in 
the same manner as before. Draw the line i 2 - I 2° tan- 
gent to these two arcs. If this line is continued it will 
meet the line Ii-ij. , at the center, from which the ele- 
ments begin. 

Project the points I, 2, 3, etc., and i°, 2°, 3 , etc., 
upon their respective diameters, and then connect the 




Vie Derry Collard Co. 

Figure 5 



corresponding points with straight lines as shown. Draw 
a line i 2 -i 3 parallel to ii-ii° and bisect the angle between 
these lines by a line i 2 -i 4 . This line will be parallel to 
the bisecting line of the angle made by the lines ij.-ii° 
and i 2 -i 2 ° as shown in Fig. 5. 

If angle a and angle b are equal, and the line AB 
is drawn at right angles to OE, then O-A must b.e 
equal to O-B. Therefore, if through the point i ± and 1^ 

22 



Gusset sheet development. 

the line be drawn respectively at right angles to i' 2 -i 4 , 
the intersection with the two little arcs already struck will 
determine the developed position of the first element. 
From the two points just found, and with radii as before, 
strike off another set of arcs. Draw a line 2 2 -2 2 ° tan- 
gent to them, then draw a line 2 2 -2 z parallel to ^-2 ± °. 
Bisect the angle thus made by a line 2 2 -2±. Then from 
2^2^° respectively, erect perpendiculars to this line. 
Their intersection with the second set of arcs will deter- 
mine the developed position of the second element. 

Continue the operation until 4 2 -4 2 ° is found. Com- 
mencing with the lower part of the figure, strike a set 
of arcs as before, then draw the tangent y 2 -72° to them. 
Draw a line parallel to 7r~7i°> bisect the angle thus 
formed and from 7i-7i° drop perpendiculars to this line; 
their intersection with the previous arcs will determine 
the developed position of the seventh element. Continue 
this operation until the position 4 2 -4 2 ° in the lower part 
of this development is arrived at. Then transfer this 
part to the top, making the lines 4 2 -4 2 ° coincide as shown. 
The eighth element will be the center of the sheet for 
cases where the seam is on the top center line. The 
other part of the sheet, when developed, will be symmet- 
rical to the part here shown, and it is only necessary, 
therefore, to show this much of the sheet. If the seam 
does not come either on the top or the bottom center, the 
sheet will not be symmetrical but can be obtained in any 
case by measuring the distance from either the top or the 
bottom center line to the seam, and then laying off the 
corresponding distance on the development. The amount 
cut off from one side would of course be added to the 
other, thus maintaining the full length of the sheet. 

23 



Gusset sheet development. 




6 e J 



Figure 6 
Development of irregular shaped sheet. 



The Derry Cullard Co. 



24 



Development of irregular shaped sheet. 

The Development of any Irregular Shape Sheet. Fig. 6. 

Besides the gusset sheets, which have already been 
mentioned, there are other sheets which have such ir- 
regular shapes that they cannot be developed by any 
of the foregoing methods. Fig. 6 shows the method for 
developing any sheet, no matter what its shape may be. 
The example here taken is a fire box sheet. The crown 
and the side are in one continuous piece. The two views 
of this sheet as it would appear when bent, is shown in 
the lower left hand position of this figure. A-B is the 
back end and C-D the front end of the sheet. L is the 
length between the parallel ends. Referring to the left 
hand view, divide the outer and the inner lines of the 
sheet into any number of parts as shown. Connect these 
parts by the zigzag lines, as a, b, etc. 

To develop the sheet, draw the center line o-o° and 
draw the line E-F through o° at right angles to the cen- 
ter line. Measure off the distance K from this line to 
the point I, and then draw a right angle XYZ and make 
L t equal the length of the sheet. Lay off this distance 
K along XY and from the triangle thus formed get the 
length of a x with a pair of trammels. From o° as a 
center and with a x = a 2 as a radius, strike an arc. From 
Oi as a center and with a radius o ± = i 1 = o-i strike an 
arc, cutting the previous arc at some point i v This is 
one of the points in the development of the surface. 

With a pair of dividers measure the distance for the 
line E-F to the point i, and then transfer it to the point 
i°, and subtract the distance L from it. This will give 
the distance M which will be laid off along XY. The 
hypothenuse of the new triangle thus found will be the 

25 



Development of irregular shaped sheet. 

length of a radius, which is equal to b 2 . From the point 
i 1 as a center and with this radius b 2 as a radius, strike an 
arc. From o x ° as a center, and with a radius o^-:^ = 
o°-i°, strike an arc intersecting the previous one in 
some point i^. This is another point in the development 
of the surface. 

In the same way as before, find the vertical height of 
the next zigzag line ; measure it off along XY ; take the 
length of the hypothenuse as a radius, C 2 and strike an 
arc with it from the point i x . With a radius i 1 -2 1 = 
1-2 strike another arc. This gives the point 2 ± . 

Continue this process back and forth, and find the 
points on each side of the development, until the position 




Figure 7 
Wheel for measuring. 



5i-5i° is arrived at. At this position the front line and 
the back line of the sheet coincide in the left hand view, 
which means that the sheet is a rectangle below this line. 
Through 5 and 5^ draw two lines at right angles to the 
line joining these points, and with a radius equal to the 
length along the curved line from 5 to 6, strike two arcs 
from 5i and 5^ as centers. The points 6 X -6 X ° will thus 
be determined. One half of the sheet is now developed, 
and since the figure is symmetrical the other half will be 
similar, A-C being the center line of the sheet. As a 

26 



Development of irregular shaped sheet. 

check upon the construction, the length of the developed 
line from o x to 6 X should be exactly the same as the length 
of the neutral line of the sheet from o, around to 6, and 
the length of the developed line 0^-6^°, should be equal 
to the length of the neutral line of the sheet from o° 




Figure-8 
Paper measuring method. 



around to 6°. In order to get these lines equal, a measur- 
ing wheel as shown in Fig. J is convenient. 

If the sheet is 'laid down less than full size, which it 
frequently is, in a drawing room, this measuring wheeL 
should be graduated to the same scale as the drawing. 
The outer edge of this wheel is beveled so as to form a 
sharp edge. The zero or o of the wheel is set to the o of 
the line of the sheet and *the instrument run along the 
neutral line, the number of inches being noted. The in- 
strument is then run along the development and the 
length of the lines must correspond. Indeed it is a good 
thing to check frequently as one goes along, as any error 
is then readily caught. 

In the absence of one of these .wheels, a paper scale 

27 



Laying out dome sheet. 

±Hoia cp. 



8 A 



Laying out dome sheet. 

as Fig. 8, graduated to the same scale as the drawing, 
can be used. It is bent to coincide with the neutral line 
of the sheet and the length of the sheet transferred, the 
same as with the measuring wheel. 

An example of quite a simple sheet will be taken 
from Plate 4. This sheet constitutes the body of the 
dome of this boiler. It will be noticed in referring to the 
plate that the dome base is of the common type, which is 
curved to the radius of the boiler. The sheet will also be 
seen to contain a seam, which is riveted together with welt 
strips inside and outside. The internal diameter is 30% 
inches and the thickness of the sheet is 9 / 16 inches. If 
the sheet is laid out on a flat surface, its length would be 
equal to the circumference of the neutral diameter, which 
would be 30^ + 9 / 16 = 31 Vie- 

From the table of circumferences, shown in the back 
part of the book, it will be found that the circumference 
of a 31^4 circle is 98.175, and also from this same table, 
the circumference of a 3 / 16 circle is .589; the sum of 
these two will be equal to the length of the sheet, thus : 
31M = 98.175 
Via - -589 



)7/ % = 98.764 = 98^. This is the length of 
the sheet. 

With very few exceptions, the outside of the sheet 
is always placed up, and it is upon this side that all work 
is laid out. Bearing this in mind we turn to Fig. 9. One 
edge of the sheet here shown we will mark top and the 
right and the left side will be marked as shown. If this 
sheet is purchased, which is very apt to be the case, there 
will be sufficient metal allowed in ordering so as to pro- 
ject beyond the sheet somewhat, as indicated. With a 

29 



Laying out dome sheet. 

long straight edge, draw the top line of the sheet one- 
eighth of an inch from the edge. This amount is neces- 
sary for planing. The height of the dome is 18^2 inches 
at the narrowest part of the sheet ; this is the figure 
usually given on the boiler card. There are two parts of 



Front 




this sheet which have this width. The other part of the 
sheet is curved, and will be found by referring to Fig. 10. 
A half view of the cross and longitudinal sections of the 
dome are shown. H is the height already referred to, 
which is 18J/2 inches. 

The dome base is circular inside and outside before 
flanging; after flanging, D in each one of these views, 

30 



Laying out dome sheet. 

will be the same. The lap in this case is ^ Z A inches and 
is laid off at L. A radius is now found of such length 
as will pass through x and y. The circle x-y, it must be 
remembered, is the neutral line of the lower edge of the 
sheet. With a radius equal to half the neutral diameter, 
strike off the quadrant of the circle, and divide this into 
four equal parts. Project these points o, I, 2, 3 and 4 
upon the diameter, and draw the lines O-l, i^ 2 1} 2,1 and 4^ 
These lines represent the true length of the elements at 
the points o, 1,2, 3, etc. Having found these lengths, the 
curved line shown in Fig. 9 can be constructed. First lay 
off the length of the element o 2 as just found on the right 
and the left hand side of this sheet. Bisect these lines and 
draw a center line C-C from one end of the sheet to the 
other. Now, with a pair of trammels, open to any radius 
R, strike the arc shown on the left hand side of the sheet, 
allowing about an eighth of an inch for planing. Then 
draw a line through the intersection of this arc with the 
top and bottom line of the dome sheet. This squares up 
one end of the sheet. 

Along the top edge measure off the exact length of the 
sheet, as has been found from the table. Square up the 
other end of the sheet, by striking an arc as before and 
draw the line through the points thus found. With the 
trammels open to about half the length of this sheet, bi- 
sect the top line, and then with a radius as before, square 
a line across the sheet at this point. Then coming up on 
the center line, with a radius a little greater than one- 
fourth of the length of the sheet-, strike the arcs as shown 
and draw a line through their intersection. This divides 
the sheet into four equal pieces. The sheet is now said 
to be quartered and every sheet should be. 

Referring to the left hand side of Fig. 9, divide this 

31 



Laying out dome sheet. 

quarter into four equal parts, and draw lines at right 
angles to the top line across the sheet. Measure off the 
length of the element for each one of these lines, from 
Fig. 10, and thus determine the points o 3 , i 3 , 2 3 , 3 3 and 4 3 . 
In the same way lay off the corresponding points in each 
one of the quarters. Then with a steel straight edge, bent 
to a curve so as to contain these points, and while the 
straight edge is being held, draw a line through these 
points, and then follow up the curve from end to end 
in this way. A very smooth line is thus laid out. 

The rivets in the top part of the sheet will now be 
laid off. The drawing calls for 40 rivets ; this number is 
divisible by four, and we will, therefore, have ten rivets 
in each quarter, one on each quarter line. With a 
pair of dividers, step off ten equal spaces in each quarter ; 
it will be found that one of these rivets will come 
in the seam, and will be laid off the same way as the rest 
but will only be a half circle. If the holes are punched, 
a half circle will be punched at this place. 

We will now lay off the rivets along the lower part of 
the sheet. This is a double riveted seam, and the drawing 
calls for 32 rivets. This number is also divisible by four, 
and as the drawing shows one of the rivets of the lower 
row on the center line, we will have a rivet on each one of 
the quarter lines. Draw two lines parallel to the lower 
edge, for the center line of these two rows of rivets. The 
first one being 1% inches from the lower line, and the 
second i l / 2 inches from the first. There will be eight 
rivets in each quarter and here, as before, one rivet comes 
in the seam and will be laid off and treated in the same 
way. 

Lay off eight equal spaces, along the lower line in 
each one of the four quarters. As the rivets in the top 

32 



The dome base. 

row are spaced a half a pitch ahead of those in the lower 
row, with a pair of dividers, lay off such a rivet midway 
between the other two. Then, having the dividers set 
to this distance, and taking the rivets already laid off 
in the lower line as centers, step along from one to the 
Other, and lay off the rivets in the top line. The rivet 
holes are now all laid out except the vertical seam. There 
are seven equal spaces in this seam. Lay off a line at 
each end of the sheet at the* required distance and divide 
this line into seven equal parts. 

If it were not for one thing, the sheet thus laid out 
would be perfectly correct for the seam on the right or 
left hand side, but a whistle tap is required on the left 
hand side. Therefore this sheet to be correct for this 
case must have this on the proper side. The location 
will be as indicated in this figure. The tap is marked 
2 Vi6 witE twelve thread. We must therefore drill about 
a 2 T /s hole at this point. This completes the dome sheet. 



Dome Base. 

The dome base, Plate 4, is made from V/% steel plate. 
The material will come from the mill sheared very nearly 
round, and having enough metal allowed on the outside 
to true up nicely. Fig. 1 1 shows this sheet. It is circular, 
of a radius R and when bent R ± — R and D^ D are equal. 
The center of the sheet is determined by striking several 
arcs of equal radius from the outer edge of the sheet. 
The center having been determined, a circle is struck 
with R x = R as a radius. Lay off D x = D and strike 
the radius r x . The sheet is now ready to be turned off 
along the outer edge, and cut out in the center. It is then 

33 



The dome flange. 



ready for flanging, 
before flanging. 



No holes will be put in this sheet 



Dome Flange. 



Referring to Plate 4, it will be seen that the dome 
flange is also made of ij^ steel plate. There is usually 
a special card showing the detailed dimensions, of the 





The Deny Col'jrd Co. 

Figure 11 
Dome base. 




The Derry Collard Go. 

Figure 12. 
Dome flange. 



dome flange and dome base, and the figures which are 
omitted on this drawing would be shown on that card. 
The height of the flange H, Fig. 12, would be laid off, 
and the proper dome radius sketched in to suit. The 
dome card would give the dimension for the radius D of 



34 



The first course. 

the corner. Thus having laid down this sheet full size, 
the run of the neutral line R will be obtained with the 
wheel. This is equal to R^. 

The sheet as it comes from the mill, would be a 
little larger than the circle of this radius. The center of 
the sheet will be found and the outer circle struck. The 
inner circle will now be laid off with a radius r x , which 
will be taken from the detail card. This sheet, unlike the 
dome flange already described, will not be machined on 
the outer edge, until it is flanged. It might also be men- 
tioned that when a dome is like that shown in Fig, 12 the 
inside has some metal allowed for finishing after the 
dome base is flanged. The treatment of this particular 
dome will be mentioned in another chapter. 

First Course. 

Again referring to Plate 4, it will be seen that the 
first course in this particular boiler extends through and 
is attached direct to the smoke box sheet, instead of hav- 
ing a ring at this seam, as is the case with the boiler 
shown in Plate 3. This is a cylindrical sheet, and when 
it is laid out on a flat surface it will be rectangular. The 
sheet which will be used for this case will have an allow- 
ance on the sides and ends. Begin to lay out the work 
on the side of the sheet containing the maker's name and 
also the tensile strength of the test piece. This side will 
be out when the sheet is rolled. With the straight edge 
draw a line at about % inch from the lower edge of this 
sheet as shown in Fig. 13. Next, from the table of cir- 
cumferences, find the length of the neutral diameter of 
the sheet. The drawing shows the internal diameter of 
this sheet to be 66 inches, and the thickness of the sheet 

35 



Laying out the first course sheet. 




Laying out the first course sheet. 

is 23 /32 inch. This makes the neutral diameter 66 23 / S2 
inches. Look up the following figures in the table, and 
arrange as follows : 

66 l / 2 dia. = 208.916 cir. 
Vi. " - -589 " 

y 32 - = .098 " 



66 23 / 32 dia. = 209.603 cir. 

This will be the exact length of the sheet. Measure 
off this distance along the lower line, and see if the sheet 
is of sufficient length. Allow about }i inch along one of 
the ends for planing, in this case the left hand end and 
then on this line, lay off the width of the sheet which is 
66 inches. Draw the top line with a straight edge 
through these points. Next, bisect these cross lines at 
each end of the sheet, and draw the center line C-C from 
one end of the sheet to the other. Measure up the sheet 
for width and length, and also measure to determine 
whether C-C is in the center of the sheet, so as to be sure 
that everything is correct. 

In fact this idea of checking the work is to be con- 
tinued all through the process of laying out, else one is apt 
to do an enormous amount of work and then find out that 
some mistake has been made, in a certain figure, upon 
which all the other work depends. One cannot be too 
sure that everything which has already been laid down 
is correct, and it is for this reason that continual check- 
ing should be resorted to. Having therefore located the 
center line, with a large radius, and with a center on this 
line, strike off the arcs at each end of the sheet, through 
the end points along the lower line. This squares up the 
sheet. 

With the trammels, either on the center line, or on 

37 



Laying out the first course sheet. 

the top or bottom line, bisect the length of the sheet. 
Square a line across the sheet at this point. The sheet 
is now divided into two equal parts. Next, bisect each 
one of these parts, and square lines across the sheet at 
these points. The sheet is thus quartered. The drawing 
shows that the seam is required to be placed on the top 
center. The front of the sheet is the top of Fig. 13, and 
the right and left hand sides of the sheet are also marked. 

Beginning with the front double row of rivets we 
find that the drawing calls for sixty rivets, and also 
shows the front row beginning on the side center. As 
there are sixty rivets, there will be fifteen in each quarter ; 
one on each center line. With a pair of dividers, step off 
fifteen equal spaces in each quarter. This can be done, 
as is very frequently the case, by setting the dividers 
about right, and then stepping off the fifteen spaces, do- 
ing a little adjusting on the dividers to make up for the 
amount of error, and then trying a second time. 

These rivets are sometimes laid off by a process 
which is very accurate, and frequently a great deal easier 
than stepping off a lot of points. It consists in dividing 
up the number of spaces into its factor, and then laying 
off in this way : Taking the case of the fifteen rivets 
just mentioned, the factors of fifteen are five and three. 
The space is first divided into three equal parts, and 
each one of these parts is subdivided into five. Or the 
distance is first divided into five parts, then each one of 
these parts is divided into three. The method will read- 
ily be understood and can often be used to advantage. 

Having thus laid out all the rivets along the first 
row, those on the second row are spaced half a pitch from 
these rivets, and will be laid out with a pair of dividers 
set equal to the diagonal distance between two of them. 

38 



Laying out the first course sheet. 

Step along the first row of rivets and lay out the second 
row from end to end. In the same way, lay out the two 
rows in the back of the sheet, the number of rivets being 
the same. The back row of rivets begins on the center 
line and all the other rivets fall in to suit. Of course, 
the center line for these rivets will be laid off at their 
proper distance from the edge of the sheet, according to 
the figures shown on the drawing. . The next thing will 
be to lay out the rivets for the tube sheet. These are 
eighty in number and begin on the center lines, twenty 
in each quarter. These rivets will be stepped off in the 
same way as before, along a line 9^ inches from the 
front edge. The rivets in the butt seam will next be laid 
out. Draw three lines along the left hand edge at the 
proper distance from the edge to suit the figures shown 
on Plate 4. There are twelve equal spaces between the 
tube sheet row and the front row of the back seam. 

These equal spaces will be laid off along the second 
line. The rivets in the first line will be spaced midway 
between them and stepped off with a pair of dividers 
from the second row. The third row will be on a line 
with the first, and will have half as many rivets as either 
one of the other two lines. One rivet of the third line 
extends through and takes the foot of a stay rod ; another 
rivet, three inches from it, also goes through this same 
foot. In a similar manner lay off the rivets on the right 
hand side of the sheet. Also locate the two rivets along 
the third line, on this side of the sheet, to take the foot 
of the stay rod A. The stay rod B takes two rivets, 
which are placed six inches and nine inches from the 
front row of the back seam. 

Referring to the front tube sheet it will be seen that, 
when the stay rod B is thrown out radially, it will strike 

39 



Laying out the first course sheet. 

the sheet at twelve inches from the center. In the same 
way D would be located six inches further around, F six 
inches from D and C four inches from F. The location in 
the other direction will be to suit the drawing, which is 
six and twelve inches. 

In the same way lay of! the rivets for B, D, F, G, on 
the left hand side of the sheet. Two 2^ inch wash- 
out plugs are required in the waist, 24 inches on each 
side of the bottom center and 14^8 inches back of the 
front tube sheet rivets. These holes will be drilled about 
2 inches in diameter. The drawing also calls for a half 
inch liner on the right hand side of center, 27^ inches 
from the back row of the front seam. The hole will be 
drilled about 3^ inches diameter and 6 rivets laid off, 
beginning on the side center. This will complete the 
work of laying out the sheet. The holes marked X and 
Y, Plate 4, being in the same seam, will either be half 
punched or will be drilled after the sheet is bent and bolted 
together. T is a tap about % or an inch in diameter 
and fills up the space between the welt strip and the slope 
sheet at this seam. 

One other thing should be mentioned before leaving 
this sheet. By referring to the drawing, it will be noticed 
that the cylinder flange projects over this seam, and also 
that some of the cylinder bolts come in the line with the 
front row of rivets. The holes as they will appear in this 
sheet are shown in Fig. 13. Those indicated by the 
bracket will have to be countersunk on the outside of 
the smoke box sheet, in order to clear the cylinder flange. 
The holes for the cylinder bolts will not be put in the 
sheet until the boiler comes in the erecting shop. Then 
the holes will be drilled through the cylinder flange and 
through the sheet at the same time. Some however, put 

40 



Front tube sheet. 

the cylinder bolt holes in the sheet before it is bent. In 
this case the sheet and flange must be laid down and the 
lengths taken with the wheel along the neutral line. 

Front Tube Sheet. 

Fig 14 is the front tube sheet of the boiler shown 
in Plate 5. The flange is 4 inches high. Before flanging, 




The Dcrry-Collard Co. 



Figure 14. 
The front tube sheet. 



this sheet should be a circular plate of a diameter D = 
twice the length of the neutral line R. In addition to this 



4i 



Laying out the front tube sheet. 

diameter, sufficient metal must be allowed for turning off 
the edge of the sheet after the plate has been flanged. 
The center of the sheet will be found with a pair of 
trammels, by striking arcs at the center from several 
points along the outer edge. Then draw lines C — C 
and E — E at right angles to each other through this 
point. There are 264 tubes, and the figures marked front 
are to be used on this sheet. From the horizontal center 
line, measure off the distance 8^4 inches above and 27^2 
inches below. And from the vertical center line, measure 
off 26^ inches on each side. 

There are 13 equal spaces vertically and 11 equal 
spaces on each side of the center. Space these distances 
off along the center lines and then, through the points 
thus found, draw the inclined lines as shown in Fig. 14. 
Having drawn these lines, and keeping the drawing be- 
fore you, mark out the limiting tubes with the soapstone 
pencil. Having laid out these limiting tubes on both 
sides of the center, the rest of the work will be easy 
enough. A 2)4 inch plug is shown on the drawing, placed 
on the right hand side only. Its location vertically will be 
such that the outside of the thread will maintain the 
same thickness of bridge as between the tubes. 

All the tubes being laid off, they are center punched. 
The usual practice, as to punching the holes for these 
tubes, is to be put in about a Ji or 1 inch hole, before the 
sheet is flanged. The exception in this case, would be 
the three holes marked X on each side of the center. 
These would be drilled after flanging on account of the 
liability of these holes drawing when the sheet is being 
flanged. There are some places however where the sheet 
is flanged, then laid out on the inside, and after this, the 

42 



Laying out the front tube sheet. 

holes are punched about V 16 of an inch under size, then 
reamed out to the required diameter. 

The part of the sheet above the tubes is stayed, and 
the holes will be laid out from the figures shown on the 
drawing. The first row of holes will be eleven inches 
from the center line, and the second row, three inches 
from this. The rivets will be pitched \]/\ inches the other 
way. Next, the two vertical rows of rivets can be laid 
out, being 9^ and nj^ inches on each side of the cen- 
ter and spaced vertically to suit the T iron. The four 
rivets on each side of these two rows will be laid out in 
the same way and spaced the same way to suit its T iron. 
There is a stay shown attached to the inside of the tube 
sheet ring that will take two of the rivets which hold the 
ring in place. In this case, they will be spaced, 13^ 
inches in diameter and they will be pitched 8 to the cir- 
cumference. 

The hole for the dry pipe will be shown on a special 
drawing and in this case would perhaps be 10 inches, hav- 
ing the greater part of the sheet beveled off for a ball 
joint. All the rivet holes shown in this sheet can be 
punched. 

Those shown in the tube sheet ring, if they are 
rivets, would also be punched to suit. If they were tapped, 
which is frequently done, the holes would have to be 
punched small enough to ream out and tap. The same 
tap would also extend into the ring. The holes for the 
eighty rivets in the flange will be laid off after the sheet 
is flanged and turned off along the outer edge. The tube 
sheet is to fit a 64-inch diameter and the circumference 
corresponding to this is 203.419. This must be punched 
on the sheet so that when it is flanged, the rim can be made 



to suit this figure. 



43 



The smoke box sheet. 




The Smoke Box Sheet. 

The smoke box sheet shown on Plate 4 is laid out in* 
detail in Fig. 15. This sheet has a liner in the bottom for 
the purpose of strengthening the sheet of the boiler -at this 
point, for connection to the cylinder. The front end of the 
boiler has a wrought iron ring riveted as shown. The 
back end is attached to the sheet shown in Fig. 13. Re- 
ferring to the drawing, the inside diameter of this sheet 
is 6y 7 / 16 inches and the sheet being y> inch thick, the 
neutral diameter will be 6y 15 / 16 . The circumference will 
be found from the table thus : 

67 dia. = 210.487 circumference 
15 / 16 dia. = 2.945 circumference 



67 15 / 16 dia. == 213.432 circumference 

In Fig. 15 this sheet is shown with the usual allow- 
ance for trimming up the edges. Draw a line along the 
lower edge of this sheet from one end to the other, allow- 
ing about y$ of an inch for planing. The width of the 
sheet is 633^ inches. This distance must be measured off 
on each end of the sheet and the top line drawn through 
these two points, thus forming the two edges of the 
sheet. The length of the sheet is now measured off 
along one or the other of these two lines, and the right 
hand side of the sheet (in this case), is drawn close to 
the edge, allowing sufficient metal for planing. The 
center line C-C of the sheet is now drawn and the ends 
of the sheet squared up as before. Also the cylinder 
center line D-D is also drawn through the whole length 
of the sheet. 

In reference to these two lines, care must be taken 
so as not to get the dimensions measured off from the 

45 



Laying out the smoke box sheet. 

center line of the sheet, instead of the center line of the 
cylinder. The front row of rivets is shown iy$ inches 
from the edge. A line will therefore be drawn at this 
distance along the front edge of the sheet. The drawing 
calls for 52 rivets, giving 13 rivets in each quarter. They 
are shown spaced between the centers, so take any one of 
the lines and lay off 13 equal spaces in one- fourth of the 
length of the sheet. Set the dividers to this distance and 
space half this amount on each side of one of the quarter 
lines, and then step off 13 equal spaces in each quarter. 

The back seam will be laid off in exactly the same 
way as the corresponding rivets in Fig. 13, except that 
the spaces in this case will be a little larger, owing to the 
neutral diameter being larger. Fifteen equal spaces will 
be stepped off in each quarter, beginning the front row 
of rivets on center. Those rivets included with the 
bracket will have to be countersunk on the outside of 
this sheet, to clear the cylinder flange. The cylinder bolt 
hole will not be put in. 

The seam of this sheet, not having to withstand any 
pressure, is a butt seam, and is single riveted, with a welt 
strip inside only. These rivets are shown 1^ inches 
from the edge of the sheet and the figures are given for 
the rivets on each side of the smoke stack opening. The 
remaining rivets will be equally spaced. All these rivets 
will be countersunk outside. 

The smoke stack opening can now be laid off. It is 
to be 21 inches in diameter, and will be a semicircle on 
each end of the top center line as shown. These circular 
ends will be punched out, and the edges chipped smooth. 
The cylinder opening is required to be central and will 
be laid off to the figures on the drawing. A circular hole 
10 inches in diameter and 11 inches from the front, will 

46 



The dome course. 

be laid off on the bottom center line. Also two rivet 
holes, one front and one back, on the bottom center line 
and two holes on each side of the center, to the figures 
shown. 

The opening, 10 inches from the front edge on the 
left hand side center, can now be laid off. The holes will 
be six in number, being central with the line parallel to 
the front. The four holes shown 16^/4. inches from the 
front, are for the smoke box brace. The inclination of 
the center line of these rivets is figured and will be laid 
down on the sheet on the right and left hand side to suit. 
A circle of five inches diameter is struck, and the four 
rivets located according to the figure, keeping the first 
two rivets central with the center line and measuring off 
the other two from these. Several sets of holes are re- 
quired for brackets, etc., and will be laid off on one side 
or the other or on both sides, according to the figures 
noted on the drawing. The opening for the cylinder will 
be punched out and chipped smooth, while the other two 
circular holes will be drilled out by some form of radial 
drill. 

Dome Course. 

The dome course shown in Fig. 16 is the develop- 
ment of the sheet on* Plate 4. It will be seen that this 
sheet, unlike those that have just been described, is cut 
out, for a portion of its length. For this reason and also 
for the purpose of showing the connection of the dome, 
this sheet has been selected. There is also one other 
thing which is different from any other sheet thus shown. 
This is the seam, not being on one of the four center 
lines. The seam is shown 9 rivet spaces to the left of 

47 



Laying out dome course sheet. 

the top center. As there are 64 rivets in one row of the 
front seam, there would be 16 rivets in each quarter. 
Having laid off a line equal to one-fourth of the circum- 
ference of the neutral diameter, divide this line into 16 
equal parts, and with the dividers thus spaced, step off 
nine of these parts, to the left of the top center line ; this 
will be the distance that the seam will be from the top 
center. 

The neutral diameter of this sheet is 75 inches and 
the circumference is 235.62. This distance will be laid 
off along the sheet, allowing a sufficient amount for 
planing along one edge. Along the top of Fig. 16 a 
line is drawn also allowing enough metal for planing. 
The width of the sheet, which is 7o 13 / 16 inches, will be 
laid off at each end of the sheet from this line, the other 
edge of the sheet being drawn through these two points. 
The width of the sheet will be bisected and with the 
straight edge a center line C-C is drawn. From this 
center line, and with a liberal radius, square up the ends 
of the sheet. 

Now, from the left hand edge of this sheet measure 
in a distance equal to 9 spaces of the rivets and draw 
the top center line across the sheet perpendicular to the 
line C-C. From the right hand end of the sheet measure 
back a distance equal to 7 spaces of the rivets and square 
a line across the sheet at this point. The two portions 
measured off, at each end, must together equal one-quar- 
ter of the sheet. The remainder of the sheet must be 
equal to the other three quarters and the distance between 
the two center lines already drawn must be divided into 
three equal parts and lines squared across the sheet 
through these points. The top center line has already 

49 



Laying out dome course sheet. 

been marked and the bottom center line must, of course, 
be two "quarters" of the sheet from this. 

Remembering that the work is to be laid out on the 
outside of the sheet, the right side center line and the left 
side center line will be seen to conform to Fig. 16. Two 
lines will now be drawn parallel to the top of the sheet at # 
their proper distance from the first and second row of 
rivets, and as there are to be 16 rivets in each quarter, 
these rivets will be spaced to suit. The drawing shows 
that the second row of rivets will commence on the cen- 
ter line. Having laid off all those in one line, the rivets 
in the other line will be stepped off by a pair of dividers, 
so as to bring the rivets one half a pitch ahead of those in 
the other row. Draw two lines parallel to the lower edge 
at their proper distance from the edge, and from the first 
and second row of rivets, for the back seam. 

The drawing calls for these rivets to be spaced 3^2 
inches pitch, and stepping this distance off we find that 
it will come very close to 16 spaces. We therefore make 
the front rivet central in this seam and lay off 16 equal 
spaces. This would be done in the quarter to the right 
of the top center line, and with the dividers set to this 
space the rivets will be laid off on the other side of the 
top center line and also the rivets shown on the right 
hand end of the sheet. The lower part of the sheet is 
shown cut out, making the sheet narrower on the bottom 
than on the top. The width of this sheet is laid off along 
the bottom center line and a line drawn for the edge of 
the sheet. Two other lines for the rivet centers are also 
drawn at their proper distance from the edge. As shown, 
16 rivets will be placed in each quarter. The connection 
of the throat sheet with the dome course is shown on this 
drawing and has two rows of rivets between the parallel 

50 



Laying out dome course sheet. 

rows already mentioned, and four rivets spaced in each 
row. These rivets will be placed in the sheet as shown. 

The corners of the sheet will be beveled off to suit 
the inclination of the rivets along the lower seam and a 
three inch radius struck as in Fig. 16. The rivets for 
the dome flange will now be laid off. The dome is located 
2,yY2 inches from the front row of rivets in the back seam 
and the opening in the sheet is located one inch in front 
of this center line. The opening is shown elliptical and 
is to be 22 x 28- inches. Four rivets are located near this 
opening, two in front on each side of the center line, and 
the other two back on the right side only. 

From the dome card, the radii of the two rows of 
rivets around the dome can be obtained. Strike these 
circles from the dome center (not the center of the hole). 
Eight rivets are required in each quarter and the outer 
row comes central. Two lines of rivets are shown, one 
on each side of the dome. The rivets for this liner are 
all located on the drawing. These rivets will now ■ be 
laid off to suit the figures. The rivets for the seam can 
next be laid off. Draw three lines parallel to the left hand 
edge of the sheet at their proper distance for the rivets, 
and step off fourteen equal spaces between the back row 
of the front seam and the front row of back seam. The 
rivets in the first and the second row of the seam will be 
staggered. The rivets in the third row will be half as 
many and placed in line with those of the first. The rivets 
on the left hand side of the sheet will be laid off in a 
similar manner. A 2^4 plug is required on the right and 
left hand side of this sheet, and they will be three inches 
in front of the front row of rivets in the back seam and 
17J/2 inches up from the side centers. Five holes are re- 
quired on each side of the center for the waist sheet angle 

51 



The gusset sheet. 




The Derry-Collard.Co. 



Figure 17 
Development of gusset sheet shown on boiler in Plate 2. 



52 



Laying out the gusset sheet. 

iron, also a 2*4 plug on the bottom center line. These 
holes for the plugs must be drilled about two inches in 
diameter, as the sheet in bending will open up somewhat 
on the outside. 

In the end view of the boiler, Plate 4, it will be seen 
that nine throat stays are shown. These stays will be 
attached to the dome course and holes will have to be put 
into this sheet for them. They are laid off in Fig. 16 as 
they should appear on this sheet. 

Gusset Sheet. 

The gusset sheet shown in Plate 2 will next be de- 
veloped. It will be noticed that this sheet belongs to that 
class of gussets where the lower element is parallel to the 
center line of the boiler, and as the slope of the top ele- 
ment is considerable, this sheet can be developed by the 
method shown in Fig. 1. The front neutral diameter is 
64^4 inches, and the back neutral diameter is 70 inches. 
The distance between the bending lines of this sheet will 
be 34^4 inches. These dimensions are laid down to scale 
in Fig. 17. Continue the lower element far enough to 
contain the center of the cone. R° will be obtained thus : 

= -iaV v 7o _ 139 x _7^ _ i39X7QX^ . 

6 70 — 64H ~ 4 SK AX 21 

= 463.33 inches = 38 feet 7.3 inches. 

Use a trammel stick of sufficient length to take in this 
distance, to whatever scale the drawing is being made. 
In this case perhaps, the scale would be 3 inches to the 

53 



Laying out the gusset sheet. 

foot. The dividers having been accurately set to this 
distance and the center determined. The two reference 
circles shown in Fig. 17 will be struck. Strike semi- 
circles on D and D and divide them into eight equal 
parts. Project these points upon the diameters and num- 
ber them as shown in this figure. From the table of 
circumferences, get the half circumference of a 70-inch 
circle, which will be found to be 109.956, and lay down 
a straight line of this length. Bisect the line, bisect each 
one of the halves and each one of the quarters. This line 
will then be divided into eight equal parts. In the same 
way the half circumference of 64^ inches is found to be 
101.709, which is laid down and also divided into eight 
equal parts. A second pair of dividers is set to one of 
these parts. With these two dividers and from O and 
O as centers, strike the corresponding arcs as shown in 
Fig. 17. After a set has been struck, the distance from 
the measuring circles to the proper projected points i ± and 
1^ is transferred to these arcs, thus determining the first 
two points in the development. A new set of arcs are 
struck from these points and a new set of distances 
measured off, thus determining two more points. This 
process is continued until the center of the sheet C-C is 
arrived at. This sheet is symmetrical because the seam 
is on the top center. A line D-D is now drawn at right 
angles to the center line and is used as a reference line. 
Dimensions, as shown, are laid off and the figures at these 
respective points are obtained by measuring off the dis- 
tances with a scale. 

In a great many instances this part of the work 
would be done in the drawing room and the figures 'for 
the gusset would all be given on the boiler print, or on 
a special card. The distance from the bending line to 

54 



Laying out the gusset sheet. 

the edge of the sheet, which in this case will be 6^4 
inches back and 6% inches front, will be laid off from 
the development here shown. An allowance of about a 
quarter of an inch each side will be sufficient for the size 
of the sheet. The sheet as it comes from the mills is 
sheared, as shown in Fig. 17. It must be remembered 
that this only shows one-half of the sheet; the complete 
sheet is shown in Fig. 18. Having now finished the con- 
struction and determined the figures which will locate the 
development from a reference line, we will now begin 
the work of laying out the sheet as in Fig. 18. 

Stretch a line D-D from one end of the sheet to the 
other at about the position where you think the reference 
line belongs. While the line is held in this position, 
measure off with a rule at the ends the proper distances 
for the limit of the sheet and then shift the line D-D so 
that the best position will be obtained. Having settled 
on these distances at the end, measure up the sheet in 
the middle to see if the reference circle has been properly 
located and to make sure that when the work is laid down 
it will not run off the plate. Now with a straight edge, 
draw the reference line D-D. Bisect this line and draw 
the center line C-C at right angles to it. Along the 
center line D-D lay off the dimensions which have 
already been decided upon, in Fig. 17. 

The first distance will be rather large, for the reason 
that the curve around the bottom center is very flat and 
the dimensions will hardly be measurable for a distance 
of about 2 feet. From this point, with spaces 4 or 6 
inches, draw lines corresponding to the location already 
decided upon, at right angles to the reference line; on 
these lines lay off the proper dimensions. A similar con- 
struction is made on the left hand side of the sheet, and 

55 



Laying out the gusset sheet. 




Laying out the gusset sheet. 

through the series of points thus laid out draw a curved 
line with the aid of a straight edge bent so as to strike the 
mean position of the points. The lines which have thus 
been laid out are A-A and B-B. Beginning with the 
line A-A and with the dividers set to 6 l / 2 inches, strike 
a number of little arcs, which when connected will give 
the top edge of the sheet. 

In the same way, with the dividers set to 6% inches, 
draw the lower edge of the sheet. At the top of the 
sheet draw two lines, the first 1^4 inches from the edge, 
and the second 2 inches from the first. The sheet must 
now be quartered for the top seam. The points A and 
A will be located from the dimensions already obtained. 
As this is the neutral line, the neutral circumference at 
this position A-A will be exactly the same as it would 
be at the edge of the sheet. Therefore when this gusset 
is rolled and the outer edge closed in the proper amount, 
the lines of the butt seam at this point will coincide. In 
the development the sheet from the points A-A to the 
edge will be parallel with the center line. In Plate 2, it 
is seen that 64 rivets are required in the back seam. 
There will therefore be 16 rivets in each quarter. As the 
drawing calls for the rivets on the inner rows to be on the 
center, the second one of the two rows of rivets on the top 
sheet will commence on the center line. Bisect the 
length of the half of the second line of rivets on each side 
of the center line, thus dividing the length of this line 
into four equal parts. Then either step off 16 equal 
spaces in each quarter, or bisect each quarter and bisect 
each one of the remaining parts, dividing the sheet into 
16 spaces in each quarter. The outer row of rivets will 
be spaced half a pitch from these. 

In the lower part of the sheet the length of the 

57 



Laying out the gusset sheet. 

neutral line B-B is the same as the length of the neutral 
line on the front edge at the gusset sheet. Therefore the 
edge of the sheet at the point B will be parallel to the 
center line. The second row of rivets will commence oni 
the center and will also be spaced into 16 parts as the 
drawing calls for a total of 64 rivets. The outer row of 
rivets will be laid off from these. The drawing calls for 
4-inch spaces for the rivets in the butt seam. The line 
will be laid off at each end of the sheet corresponding 
with the figures on the drawing. 

The distance between the inside rows of rivets is such 
that nine equal spaces will be very nearly 4-inch pitch. 
Extend the second line to the inside rows and then space 
this into nine equal parts. The rivets in the first row are 
spaced half a pitch from these. Those in the third row 
are on a line with those in the first but only half the 
number. Continue the same process at the other end of 
the sheet and lay out the rivets there. Of course the 
studs for the bell and those for the sand box would have 
to be obtained from the detailed cards, and if they came 
so that it were possible to put these holes in the sheet 
before bending, they would be laid off to suit. 

In the front tube sheet in Plate 2, it will be seen that 
four stay rods are required. Of these, three will swing 
nicely against the side of the first course, but the fourth 
had best be carried back and thrown against the side of 
the gusset sheet. The distance from the center will be 
12 inches and its distance back can be settled upon as 
being 18 inches. A pair of rivets will thus be laid out to 
suit the foot of the stay rod; these being of course on 
each side of the top center. The sheet is now complete as- 
far as this drawing is concerned. There will, however,, 
be detail cards which will have to be looked up and if 

58 



The side sheet. 

any other holes are required in this sheet, they will be 
laid down to suit the figures on those drawings. 

Side Sheet. 

The boiler shown in Plate 3 is of that class having the 
throat sheet running back at an angle, the idea being to 
get the center of gravity of the boiler somewhat further 
ahead so as to give a better distribution of the weight upon 
the drivers. The back end of this boiler is also at an 
angle. This give's more room in the cab, although it 
makes a boiler which is very difficult to build. The side 
sheets of this boiler have been selected on account of its 
being considerably more difficult than the general run of 
these sheets would be. This sheet is shown in Fig. 19 
and will come from the mill sheared along the outer edge 
somewhat as here shown. 

Draw a line along the top of this sheet allowing a 
sufficient amount of metal for planing. This will be the 
line of the butt seam. The drawing calls for this seam 
to be 2.4^/2 inches above the center line. This is the length 
of the neutral line of the sheet from the center to the 
seam. The slope of the outside crown sheet is 3 inches, 
and therefore we may take 2\y 2 inches as the distance 
from the center line to the seam, on the back end of the 
sheet. Lay off these distances and draw the center line 
C-C. The lower edge of this sheet stands away from 
the bottom of the water space frame }i of an inch in order 
to allow calking the sheet. This brings the distance from 
the center to the lower edge of the sheet 46% inches. 
Lay off this distance on the left hand side and also on the 
right hand side and draw the bottom line of the sheet. 
This will be parallel to the center line. If this sheet comes 

59 



The side sheet. 




60 



Laying out the side sheet. 

in with very little allowance, you will not have room 
enough to lay off the lines which run at an angle. For 
this reason, take a somewhat larger sheet and lay off the 
back part of the boiler full size on it, the back head at 
its proper angle and the water space frame to suit the 
figures. 

This will also be useful in connection with the throat 
sheet, the location of stays, etc. Also lay off the view 
shown to the left of the rear end of this boiler. The stay 
bolts will be laid off front and back on this full size view 
to suit the figures on the drawing. This is also used to 
ascertain whether everything is all right. 

It frequently happens that a few of these dimensions 
are not correct and it may not be the fault of any one 
perhaps, as these dimensions were measured from a draw- 
ing which was f/$ or 1 / 6 of the full size. If any dimen- 
sions should be found in error, one way or another, they 
will be corrected on this full size view. Having made 
these two constructions, we can proceed with the work 
of laying out the sheet in Fig. 19. 

The back edge of the sheet is shown 6 inches at one 
place, from the inside line of the back head, and 7 at 
another. These lines will be drawn at the proper angle 
to each other and to the center line. In order to get this 
angle, measure off a distance 4 feet in the large view 
already referred to. Then having drawn a line through 
the one extremity of this 4- foot line, measure the dis- 
tance to the other end. Transfer this distance to Fig. 
19 and draw the line through the points thus found. In 
the same way the lower part of the sheet, which slopes 
along the water space frame, will be laid off and in a 
similar manner, the line along the seam for the throat 
sheet. The front line of this sheet will be located to suit 

61 



Laying out the side sheet. 

the figures obtained from the full size view and will be 
at right angles to the center line. The outside edge of 
the sheet will thus be located all around and measured 
up to be sure that everything is correct. Beginning with 
the top line of the sheet, draw a line parallel to this edge 
and 2j4 inches from it. Also draw two parallel lines, 
the first i^g inches, and the second i% inches from the 
first, parallel to the back edge of the sheet. In the same 
way, draw two parallel lines along the front edge and 
also two lines along the lower edge at their proper dis- 
tance from the edge of the sheet. 

Referring to the left hand side of Fig. 19, the second 
row of rivets will have 22 equal spaces and the first row 
23. In the same way at the right hand side of the sheet, 
the second row will have 28 spaces and the first 29. 
Some of the rivets in the water space frame are equally 
.spaced, and the remaining rivets will be shifted slightly 
from the equal spaces, to suit the various figures here 
-shown. Care must be taken in laying out the rivets in 
the lower edge, as they must match a similar construction 
upon the water space frame. 

If a templet is made, as it sometimes is, these rivets 
would be laid off on the templet. After the holes were 
drilled in it, they would be marked off from the templet, 
both on the sheet and on the water space frame. If the 
angle is correct, the holes will match up, when the sheet 
is put in place. The stay bolts will now be laid off. On 
the front of the sheet lay off spaces corresponding to the 
figures which have already been laid down full size on 
'each view. In the same way at the front part of the sheet, 
the distance corresponding to the figures here given, 
would be laid off. With a straight edge draw a line 
-through the points thus found, from one end of the 

62 



The outside throat sheet. 

sheet to the other. These lines will not be parallel to 
each other, but will converge, being further apart in 
front. Draw a line D-D, 22^4 inches in front of the 
Tertical portion of the back edge. This line will be drawn 
at right angles to the center line. 

The stay bolts will be laid off to the left of this line 
to suit the figures. The remaining lines from D-D to 
the front row, which is 4^2 inches from the front edge, 
will be equally spaced. All these lines will be drawn 
at right angles to the center line. The rivets above the 
line D-D and those three spaces to the right, will be 
equally spaced to suit the inclination of the outer edge. 
All the stay bolts which are marked with a center and a 
circle around it will be flexible. The few remaining rivets 
can readily be laid off to suit. 

Four stay rods are required in the front head. They 
will extend forward and be attached to the sheet. They 
will be spaced at the intersection of the lines joining the 
center of the stay bolts as nearly as the spacing in the 
foot of the stay rod will admit. This completes the work 
on this sheet. 

Outside Throat Sheet. 

The throat sheet shown on Plate 3 is a rather diffi- 
cult sheet to flange and fit to the boiler and also rather 
hard to lay out. For this reason, take this sheet and 
follow it around to determine the various relations that 
go together to make up this very important sheet in the 
boiler. Fig. 20 shows a section through the center of 
this sheet, and the dimensions here given correspond 
with those given in Fig. 21. This latter figure represents 
the flat sheet as it will appear before going to be flanged. 

63 



Layout of outside throat sheet. 



The center line C-C of this sheet is now drawn and a 
line laid off at the top of sheet with a half-inch allowance 
for variations in flanging. Then a line is drawn at right 
angles to C-C at this point. 

The intersection of these two lines will be the center 
of the boiler, and from this center strike the inside radius 
R of the sheet. The dis- 
tance L along the neutral 
line of the sheet in Fig. 20 
is measured off along the 
center line C — C and a line 
is drawn from the lower ex- 
tremity of the sheet at right 
angles to C — C. When this 
sheet is flanged the first op- 
eration is to bend as shown 
in Fig. 20 along the neutral 
line L. While being held 
in this position by the aux- 
iliary pistons of the press, 

the outer flange is bent up ■ Figure 20 

and forms the part that fits Section through outside throat sheet 
the side sheets. 

The next operation can not be done on the press but 
must be flanged by hand. This consists in turning the 
inner portion of the sheet in the opposite direction to the 
part just described. The upper portion of this sheet, 
corresponding to the line D-D, will thus be a straight 
line, the front portion having been turned forward and 
the back portion backward. 

The total length of the flange at this point is 2i 3 / lc 
inches. The inside portion of the flange will extend in 




towards the center of the sheet 7V1 

64 



inches. This dis- 



Layout of outside throat sheet. 

tance is laid off on the plate as indicated, giving the 
limit of the sheet along the top portion. The distance O 
is the same in both figures, as is the distance M. The 
distance O is laid down from the top center line and a 
circle is struck through this point O and the two points 
determined by the figure, giving 7 3 / 1G inches. 

This represents the portion of that part of the flange 
which is turned forward. The radius at the point W is 
8}4 inches and on the sheet this distance W, the radius, 
the width of the sheet and also its thickness are laid 
down to determine the length of the neutral line. It will 
be noticed that the radius described from the extremity 
of L falls inside of the line of the sheet. Therefore we 
will not need to continue any further with this con- 
struction. 

The radius at the point X is also Sy 2 inches and the 
figures at this point will be used in making the construc- 
tion to determine the neutral line B. The point thus de- 
termined gives the least width of the sheet. The radius 
at y and z is 6 inches and the construction is made to 
determine the length of the neutral line C and D. These 
distances are laid off to suit and thus the right and left 
hand sides of the sheet are determined. 

One thing should be mentioned here in reference to 
the lower corner of this sheet. The angle between the 
water space frame and the throat sheet, immediately in 
front, is 90 degrees, which would seem . to indicate that 
the development of the lower portion of the sheet would 
be a straight line. It would be if, during the process of 
flanging, the portion of the sheet marked T would be 
stretched. This is not the case however, and the length 
T before and after flanging will be the same. For this 
reason the distance P is laid off in Fig. 21 to correspond 

65 



Fire box throat sheet. 



-±■-4 




66 



Fire box throat sheet. 

to the length of the neutral line at P in Fig. 20, and the 
length T is laid off from the point thus determined. This 
brings a point on the corner of the sheet as indicated. 

There will be some stretching action somewhere 
along the curved line here shown and it is found that a 
radius thrown in at this point will come better when 
flanged than it would if a straight line was worked to. 
For this reason a radius should be struck at this place 
as shown. The flange of this sheet is very long at X and 
on account of the upsetting action of the sheet at this 
point, the metal will flow and be drawn by the action 
of the press, so that there will be a considerable bunching 
up of the sheet at this point. On this account a semi- 
circular piece is cut out as shown at E and for a sheet 
of this size E would be 1^ inches. No holes will be put 
in this sheet before flanging, although it is frequently 
laid out and all the holes counter punched. After flang- 
ing, the sheet is taken to the laying out table and meas- 
ured up. Wherever the sheet has drawn, the old center is 
hammered shut and a new center put in to the correct 
figure. The three bridges marked H in Fig. 21 must be 
allowed to remain, together with the central portion of 
the sheet, in order to hold the sheet together during 
flanging. 

Fire Box Throat Sheet. 

Fig. 22 shows the fire box throat sheet of a Wootei? 
boiler as seen on Plate 2. Draw the center line C-C in 
the center of the sheet and then from the figures on the 
drawing locate the center line D-D. The center of the 
boiler will be at the intersection of these two lines. The 
lower portion at the water space frame will be 49% 

67 



Fire box throat sheet. 




68 



Layout of fire box throat sheet. 

inches from the center line D-D. There will be a flat 
portion at the bottom, and then a slope line for a dis- 
tance of 6 inches, then again a flat portion at the top. 
These will be laid off to suit the figures on the drawing. 
A sectional view of this throat sheet is shown on the 
right hand side of Fig. 22. The height of the flange 
marked A, together with the radius and the thickness 
of the sheet, is laid down along the center line C-C. The 
length of the neutral line B will be obtained by the 
measuring wheel and laid off along the center line as 
shown. This represents the developed position of the 
lower portion of the flange at the bottom center. The 
2^ -inch radius will extend all the way around the 
throat sheet until it disappears in the flat portion of the 
flange at the top of the sheet. The inside flange will 
have the same width all the way round. The inside limit 
lines can now be drawn from their respective centers. 
The height of the flange C which extends back along the 
side sheet, and the radius corresponding to the water 
space frame at this point, will be laid off and the length of 
the neutral line be determined. This gives the extent of 
the flange on the outside and this radius will be main- 
tained until it disappears into the flat portion of the sheet. 
The flange will have the same width throughout and will 
be drawn from the respective centers. 

As the top portion of this sheet, like the one shown 
in Fig. 20, is to be flanged along the straight line, this 
line will, in the development, be radial, pointing toward 
the center from which the lines of the flange have been 
described. One single row of rivets in the water space 
frame will now be laid off at the distance corresponding 
to the detail card, which shows the rivets in the frame. 
Twenty equal spaces are required on each side of the 

69 



Laying out in general. 

center. The first through rivets are sH inches from the 
outside of the water space frame. 

The stay bolts will now be laid off as shown on the 
drawing. Next the line of throat stays will be laid off 
and the distances spaced to suit. A \y 2 pipe tap is re- 
quired right and left and will be laid off to agree with 
the figures. All the holes shown in this sheet can be 
punched or drilled before flanging as the flanged por- 
tion is very narrow and there would, for this reason, be 
scarcely any drawing of the sheet. 




The Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 23 
Method of laying out holes in dome flange. 



General Remarks in Laying Out. 

In boiler work as in all other work there are no two 
shops which do the same thing in exactly the same way. 
One method may be very cheap and expedient in one 
shop, yet the same method elsewhere, with the conditions 
surrounding the other place, may be difficult and expen- 

70 



Laying out in general. 

sive, In some cases the holes in the dome flange, Fig. 23, 
will be marked off from the inside of the sheet with a 
punch P. The center punch mark shown at C is put on 
the sheet when it is flanged. This is set with a top center 
line on the boiler, and the dome flange is held to the 
boiler by several bolts, while all the holes are punched 
from the inside. The sheet is then drilled, put together 
and reamed. Another way of doing this work is to have 
a sheet iron gage in which the holes are all punched and 





^ — 1 



„. Tht Dertz Collaat Co. 

b igure 24 
A "back marker. 551 



which can be laid along the outside of the dome flange 
and the holes laid off from the sheet. The dome is then 
held in place by a few bolts and the boiler is swung un= 
der a radial drill and the holes drilled through the flange 
and sheet. 

Fig. 24 shows what is termed a back marker and 
may have many different shapes. The idea is that when 
any portion of a boiler is marked off from another sheet 
by a center punch from the inside, and the drilling must 
be done from the outside, this back marker straddles the 

7i 



Laying out in general. 

sheet and is made to coincide with the punch mark on 
one side while the holes are marked off in the other side. 
The holes of course must come directly opposite. 

The dome cap shown in Fig. 25 is frequently laid 




B 




Figure 25 
Dome cap laid off in gages. 



The Derry Collar* Co. 



off by gages as shown at A and B. Where domes can 
be kept to a standard size, as they frequently are, a gage 




Figure 27 

he De^ry Collard Co. 



Dome flanging. 



saves a great deal of time in laving off the work. The 
gage is held in place and the holes punched where they 

72 



Flanging and forging. 

"belong. A dome flange like that shown in Fig. 23 will 
have an elliptical opening in the sheet before flanging, 
as in Fig. 26. Here D will represent the neutral diam- 
eter of the sheet and L x and L 2 will be the neutral line 
of the sheet along the flange on the center line of the 
boiler and on the side center respectively. A comparison 
of such a dome with the one that is sloped down to the 
radius of the boiler will be seen by referring to Fig. 2.7. 
Here L ± and L 2 are equal and H is a circular hole. It 
is believed that the number of sheets taken up in detail 
Avill enable anyone with a fair knowledge of the subject 
to lay out any work that will be met in boilers of any 
type. 



Flanging and Forging. 




Fl 



anerin 



g m g- 



A number of sheets have been shown which require 
to be flanged immediately after having been laid out. 
Other sheets require punching and shearing before be- 
ing flanged. Fig. 28 shows the corner of a sheet such 
as would be found at the corner of the water space 
frame or at the dome cap, and in flanging it should 
be remembered that the radius R should be kept as large 
as possible. This is especially true where holes are re- 
quired around the corner of the sheet. When the holes 
are punched, which is done when the radius is large, 

73 



Flanging. 




Flanging. 

the sheet is apt to crack during the operation, especially 
if the metal has been badly crushed in flanging. 

The thickness of the sheet, of course, has a great 




Figure 30 Tlia Berry Collard Co. 

Flange or large radius. 



influence upon the radius R and when the sheet is thick, 
R should be made large. 

Fig. 29 shows the cleaning plug in the corner of 
the water space. The metal is flanged so as to give a 
greater length of threads to the plug than could be ob- 
tained by going directly through the sheet as in Fig. 30. 
If the radius around the corner is very large and if the 
sheet is thick, the construction shown in Fig. 30 is quite 
satisfactory, but when the radius is small and the sheet 

75 



Flanging. 

is thin the flanging process in Fig. 29 is frequently re- 
sorted to. In the first place a dimension is usually given 




Figure 31 




Figure 32 
Dome flanges. 



at X for the location of the center of the hole along the 
neutral line of the sheet. The hole is laid off to this fie- 

76 



Flanging. 

ure, at the proper distance from the bottom, and a J^-inch 
or a 5/^-inch hole put in at this point. After the main 
sheet has been flanged, the corner around this hole is 
heated and a drift is driven through which drags the 
metal with it, carrying it out as shown in this figure. 
Sometimes the metal in being drawn out becomes very- 
thin at t 2 and in this case the metal is driven back and 
upset to some extent, so as to thicken it up to the proper 
amount. L ± and L 2 will have the same length before 
and after flanging, D being the diameter of the hole 
which is put into the sheet at the beginning of the 
operation. 

A dome flange of the style known as being curved 
down to the radius of the boiler, is shown in Fig. 31. 
The advantage sought for in this style of dome is to keep 
the thickness of the metal at T as great as possible. It 
must be remembered that the length along the periphery 
of the hole in the sheet before flanging, is increased to the 
length of the neutral line of the sheet at T, and of course 
the thickness of the metal must vary in the inverse pro- 
portion. That is, it stretches and certainly will be thinner. 

Fig. 32 shows the style of dome which does not have 
this feature, but which is a very convenient dome to fit 
up. The hole in this sheet before flanging is elliptical and 
there is a great deal of this stretching action necessary 
in order to bring the metal from the small hole in the 
center of the sheet to a distance equal to the diameter D 2 
in the figure. The sheet is circular before flanging, of a 
diameter T> lf and the distance L x is readily seen to be very 
much less than the distance L 2 . These two distances, 
properly measured from the circumference of the sheet, 
determine the size of the whole before flanging. ~L ± and 
L 2 in Fig. 31 are equal, which of course means that the 

77 



Flanging. 

hole in the sheet before flanging is a circle determined by 
this distance. The radius is very nearly equal to R, but 
is spoken of as being equal to it. Each one of these 
sheets should be machined perfectly smooth both on the 
inside and the outside before flanging. 

If the contour of the hole were punched and nothing 
else done to it, the metal would draw away from the 
holes and the metal would be much thinner than it would 
"be at the top. This same thing should be remembered in 
the flanging of any sheet. If the burrs left by the punch 
or drill cannot be machined off, they should be chipped 
away by hand or by a pneumatic chipper. 

The smoke stack base, when made of wrought iron 
or steel, is very thin and usually shaped somewhat as 
shown in Fig. 33. The sheet is rectangular, of a size 
equal to A and B. This sheet is first bent to the radius 
of the boiler R and, while being held in this position by 
the dies, a ram is pushed through the central portion, 
opening it to the diameter D of the smoke stack, the 
unnecessary metal being removed by a horizontal punch. 
Another place where a very thin sheet is used is the dome 
cover or casing, which is about % inch thick. 

In a great many places the spherical top of the dome 
cover is made up of sections which have been flanged by 
hand, being gradually hammered out to the shape and 
the various sections cut and fitted together. This opera- 
tion is an exceedingly expensive one. A great many 
attempts at flanging this sheet have failed, and caused a 
great many people to give up the idea. It can be done, 
however, and is the practice at several places. The plan 
is shown in Figs. 34 and 35. To begin with, a very fine 
grade of charcoal iron is best for this and instead of 
trying to flange this sheet at one operation, it must be 

78 




Figure 33 
Smoke stack base. 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



79 



Flanging. 




Flanging. 

carried through several, and of course, through as many 
heats. The knack of this process is to keep the sheet 
from buckling and this is done by bringing the. dies E 
and F at just such a position that when the ram is 
brought up the sheet will assume the position shown in 
Fig. 34 and thus any tendency to buckle is prevented. 
The first operation upon the sheet would bend it about 
as shown in the figure. The ram is lowered as well as 
the main table. The sheet is removed and again heated. 
It is then put back into the machine and by careful ma- 
nipulation of the press the sheet is bent a little further. 
Four or five of such operations will bring the sheet in a 
perfectly spherical shape as seen at B in Fig. 35. The 
die A is pushed through E and the sheet removed from 
the top. 

The rear end of the boiler shown in Plate 3 shows a 
very large sheet, which would be flanged as shown in 
Fig. 36. C is the cap of the hydraulic press, which is 
adjusted to suit the height of the die ; E is the upper die 
which is supported by standards D from the cap ; F is the 
lower die, supported on the jacks G; H is the matrix, 
supported by columns D from the main table; P is the 
internal piston or ram and A is the fire door die. 

We will follow the sheet from the furnace to the 
machine. The very ingenious arrangements shown in 
Fig. 37 are convenient for bringing the sheet from the 
furnace to the press. It consists of a bar with an alli- 
gator jaw at the one end and having the top portion of 
this jaw forked so as to admit an eccentric saw tooth 
disk R. An arm H inclined towards the operator in 
order that its weight may always keep the disk engaged, 
is provided with a hand chain by which the disk can be 
tightened up. A twist chain is attached to an eye in the 



Flanging. 




Flanging. 

other end of the bar, and a four or a six to one air or 
hydraulic hoist is coupled to this chain. By this means 
the sheet is drawn out into place. 

The matrix will have pins or blocks bolted on so as 
to line up the sheet, which must now be barred and 
pushed into place by pinch bars or bars similar to Figs. 
38 and 39. Having lined up the sheet quickly upon the 
matrix, the auxiliary jacks are brought up, which carry 
the sheet and clamp it between the dies E and F. While 
being held rigidly in this position, the main table and the 
internal piston are brought up "together. The matrix 
thus flanges the outer portion while the internal piston 
with its die A is forced through the fire door opening. 
The piston P forces the die A entirely through and then 
with a chain or rope passing on a pulley P holds the die 
in this position. 

The matrix is now returned, the four auxiliary cyl- 
inders are lowered, the main piston is lowered and the 
sheet is removed. The internal piston is now raised to 
receive A and is then returned to its original position. 

The gusset sheet- shown in Plate 2 will not be ex- 
actly as shown on the boiler after being welded, for the 
reason that when the sheet C comes from the mill the 
elements will be straight lines and as the sheet must join 
cylindrical sheets, front and back, it must be flanged so 
that the sheet will be cylindrical at these points. This is 
done by heating about one-third of the circumference of 
one end in a fire and then flanging this portion by hand 
so as to fit the other sheets. The drop of the gusset H 
shown in Fig. 40 being known, a straight edge is laid 
across the top of the sheet as shown so as to obtain this 
amount. 

When we have a sheet like the upper part of the 

83 



Flanging. 




84 



Flanging. 

gusset in Plate 3, the back portion is flanged first. Fig. 
41 shows the cross section as it would appear in the dies. 
Fig. 42 shows the shape of this sheet after it comes from 
the press. It will be noticed in this sheet that the flanged 
portion does not extend all around and for this reason 
the upper and lower dies are made to slide upon each 




Figure 40 
Straight edge for gusset sheets. 



The Derry-CollaTd Co. 



other at X, while they have clearance for the thickness of 
the sheet elsewhere. Fig. 42 shows bridges at B, the 
metal having been removed by a cutting punch as shown 
at C. These bridges must be allowed to remain in order 
to hold the sheet firmly together while the outer portion 
is being flanged. 

The die B, in Fig. 41, is supported from the cap of 
the press, while the die A is carried upon the four auxil- 
iary cylinders and clamps the sheet. The matrix E is 
supported from the main table by the columns D. 

The process of flanging the dome cap in Plate 2 will 
next be considered. The flanged sheet is shown at F 

85 



Flanging. 




Figure 41 
Dies for flanging gusset sheets. 




The Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 42 
Gusset sheet after coming from die press. 

86 



Flanging. 

in Fig. 43. It is brought from the furnace and centered 
upon the matrix by pins S. The clamping piston P is 
then brought up, clamping the plate between A and B. 
The next operation is to turn the water through the main 
valve, thus bringing the matrix E up against the sheet. 
The flange is thus carried up and shaped in the way in- 




The Derry-Collard Co, 



Figure 43 
Flanging dome cap. 



dicated. The dome flange or dome base is usually made 
of i l /% or 1 34 -inch steel plate. The one shown on Plate 
1 is seen in section as it would appear when in the dies 
in Fig. 44. 

The first operation upon this sheet is to clamp it be- 

87 



Flanging. 




Flanging. 

tween the dies E and F and while being rigidly held by 
the main table, the clamping piston P and the dies A are 
brought up. The die A forces the metal to the side as 
the piston pushes it entirely through the flanged sheet. 
A rope or chain X now supports the die A while the 
piston P is returned. 




Figurfe 45 
Flanging fire doors of Wooten boilers. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



While the dome flange is thus held between the dies, 
a center punch mark is made on the top of the center 
line of the flange front and back, and the flange is set 
to this mark while being machined, and while being fitted 
to the boiler. 

The rear end of the Wooten boiler in the Plate I 



89 




fa Figure 46 

Heavy flanging. 




The Derry-Collard Co. 



Figure 4? 
Flanging fire door shown in Plate 3. 



90 



Flanging. 

shows the back head flanged in opposite directions. The 
outer portion of the flange is the first operation, then the 
sheet is reheated and placed in the dies as shown in Fig. 
45, when the fire doors are flanged one at a time by 
the die A. The press here shown has a top cylinder and 




Figure 48. 
Flanging fire door shown in Plate 3. 



this cylinder is provided with an adjustment along the 
line radially from the center. The operation would be 
just the reverse of this, in case the machine we were 
using was not provided with a top cylinder. In this case 
it would be flanged by the clamping piston referred to in 



91 



Flanging. 

Fig. 45, where the piston R forces the die completely 
through the fire door. The die A is now received by the 
piston P. The key K is withdrawn and the piston R re- 
turns to place. The table is lowered and the sheet re- 
moved. 

In flanging very heavy sheets and especially when 
the flange is deep as is the case in the throat sheet of 
Plate 3, an exceedingly severe strain is brought upon the 
dies. There is something of the action of a wedge upon 
these dies just before the flange is nearly complete. As 
the metal is very soft at this heat, there will not be near 
as much friction as there would be if the metal were cold, 
consequently the wedging action is more severe. The 
dies often break in this kind of work. 

Fig. 46 shows a cast iron die at E, flanging the sheet 



v//////'»- <y//////////////////;/////; ////////////L^^ 



• 



, 



ZZ! 



Fram< 



Figure 49 
Flanging spaces between boiler and frame. 

F. Upon this die there is acting a force P, which tends 
first, to bend the dies . downward, secondly, when the 
flange is nearly finished", to press the dies outward. A re- 
enforcing plate of wrought iron bolted to the die E adds 
wonderfully to its strength. It should always be placed 

92 



Flanging. 

on the tension side of the die and so strengthen the die 
in both directions. 

When the back end of the boiler is shaped like Plate 
3, frequently a long flange is required for the fire door. 
This is obtained in the manner shown in Figs. 47 and 48. 



y/^m/M M M // //'' " I 




The Derry Collard Co. 
Figure 50 
Cross section showing flanging of Fig. 49. 



The first of these two figures represents the back fire box 
sheet clamped between the dies E and F. The first oper- 
ation is to bend the sheet with the die A, thus stretching 
the metal from the beginning of the fillet, until a posi- 
tion is arrived at, gaged by experience, somewhat as 
shown in the figure. The sheet is then removed and a 3 or 
4-inch hole is bored through the center, depending upon 
the size of the door. Then it is reheated, centered upon 
the dies F and clamped to E. A conical shaped die A is 
now forced through the opening and flanges the sheet as 
seen in this figure. The die A is pushed through and 
the key K removed. A flat portion of about ij^ inches 
is allowed upon the die at H. 

In Fig. 49 is seen quite a common construction where 
the boiler fits very snugly between the frames and where 
it is desired to get a spring staple, or some other con- 
struction between the boiler and the frame. The mud 

93 



Flanging. 

ring is notched out at T and the sheet is flanged to fit it. 
Fig. 50 represents a cross-section through this sheet and 
the dies used in bending it. The dies used for this pur- 




Figure 51 

Dies for flanging in Fig. 49. 

pose are very simple and cheap. They are indicated in 
Fig. 51. They are made out of round iron of a diameter 
equal to the set of the flange and bent so as to give the 
required size and angle to the sheet. A mark is placed 
on the die. Having located the die to suit this mark and 
laterally to suit the lines laid out on the sheet, the dies of 
the machine E and F, Fig. 50, are brought together and 
the sheet is flanged. 

In Plate 2 will be seen a crown bar T iron, which is 
bent to suit the curvature of the crown sheet and also 
one above it to suit the curvature of the sheet. Refer- 
ring to Fig. 52, D-l and D 2 are cast iron dies, R being the 
required radius. The iron is heated, placed between the 

94 



Flanging. 

■dies and forced together by the hydraulic pressure. These 
dies are rough castings except at F where they are 
planed. 

In conclusion a few remarks on the size of the dies 
may be of value in order to turn out the finished product 
to the correct dimensions. From a large number of ex- 
periments it has been found that the contraction of sheets, 
in cooling, from the usual red heat of flanging, is three- 





The Dtrry Collard Co. 



Figure 52 



Dies for curving crown bar T iron. 



quarters (24) of an inch in seventy-eight (78) inches, 
which is very nearly one one-hundredth (.01) of an inch 
per inch. This effect, of course, extends in every direc- 
tion and all the dies should be made larger than the fig- 
ures on the drawing in order to accommodate this amount. 



95 



Forging. 



B 




r 



A great many water space frames or mud rings are 
made of forged iron. Fig. 53 shows one of these corners. 
They are usually made in one of two ways. First, four 
pieces of the proper length are forged, upset on their ends 
And welded across the cor- 
ner at A. Or, secondly, four 
corner pieces are forged, 
and then pieces welded 
on to these to give the 
proper length and width of 
the frame. The weld com- . 
ing at B, sufficient metal is 
allowed for machining the 
frame inside and outside. 
In certain arrangements of 

the boiler the throttle lever rod comes through the dome 
flange at E, Fig. 54. In this case a regular dome flange 
is taken and a piece P welded upon it, of sufficient size to 
shape to the dimensions required. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 53. 
Water space frame. 





The Dei-ry Collard Co. 
Figure 54 

Lug for throttle lever rod forged on to dome flanges. 



The dome sheet as seen on Plate I is frequently 
welded along the vertical seam. This is done in several 

96 



Flanging. 

ways, the most common of which is shown in Fig. 55. 
In this case a seam is allowed and one edge of the sheet 




Tie Derry-Collard Co. 

Welding of dome sheet. 




The Derry-Collard Co. 

Device for holding dome sheet for welding. 



is scarfed. A small bolt is placed in each end of the 
seam to hold it in position as shown at R, Fig. 56. A 

97 



Forging. 





The Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 60. 
Method of heating for forging. 



98 



Forging. 

common arrangement for holding this sheet during the 
operation of heating and welding is also shown in this 
figure. It consists of a T shaped handle H, and two 





Figure 61 
Smoke box rings. 



The Derrj Collard Co. 



hooked bolts P. The whole thing is readily slipped upon 
a special long anvil while the seam is welded. This opera- 



1/ 



L- 



4 



A 



Figure 62 
Welding the seams of the first course. 



tion is done by hand. Fig. 57 shows another way of forg- 
ing this sheet, which is rather more difficult to do. 

Fig. 58 shows a wrought iron piece let into the seam 



99 



Forging. 

and is claimed by some to make a better weld, while Fig. 
59 shows the sheet double scarfed at the seam. After the 
boiler is partly assembled there is a considerable amount 
of "sleight of hand" work which must be performed upon 
the sheet so as to bring it up into place. Sometimes this 
can be done cold but as it is a bad thing to do much 
hammering upon a cold sheet, a charcoal fire is built 
around the place and the sheet is thus heated to a cherry 
red. 

In Fig. 60 is shown a much more rapid method of 
heating than can be obtained by either charcoal or wood. 
B is a cast iron box of any shape to suit the work. A 
small amount of coal for the work is placed in it. Com- 
pressed air is led to the box through a valve A and thus 
a little forge fire is applied directly to the part which is 
required to be heated. Oil or gas can also be used if they 
are obtainable. 

In all the boilers shown in the back of this book, 
smoke box rings, as B, Fig. 61, are used. 

A bar of iron of the length equal to the neutral diam- 
eter of the ring, plus one and one-half times the thickness 
of the ring, plus one-fourth of an inch, is bent into a 
circle. The ends are scarfed as at S and the seams 
welded. Formerly these rings were machined both at A 
and B, but the finish is being abandoned at A and the 
ring forged, so that the outside diameter will just fit the 
smoke box sheet. The outside diameter of the ring 
should be made to give the same run of the measuring 
wheel as the inside diameter of the smoke box sheet. 

One of the largest locomotive builders in this country 
welds the seams of the first course for a distance of 10 
inches on each end. The method is shown in Fig. 62. 
The end of the plate is planed square at B and beveled off 

100 



Punching. 

to an angle of 45 degrees at A. This extends for a dis- 
tance of about 10 inches. A wrought iron piece W is then 
welded into the gap at each end of the sheet. 



Punching. 




Operations requiring the punch -constitute such a 
large portion in the construction of boilers that it seems 
best to devote this space entirely to it. You cannot mar 
a plate in any way without affecting its strength, and 
when a hole is punched into a plate the plate is reduced 




Figure 
Punched work. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



in strength in the section containing the hole. Fig. 63 
shows a portion of a plate with holes punched along its 
edge. These holes decrease the strength of the plate 
along the center line of the holes in the following pro- 
portion : 

101 



Punches for boiler work. 

Let L = the pitch of the holes = 6.5 inches 

Let D = the diameter of the holes = 1 inch 
Let S = the distance bet. the holes = 5.5 inches 
Let E = the efficiency of the plate 
L — D 0.5 — 1 5.5 



then E 



=-p — = 84.6 per cent. 



L 6.5 6.5 

This is about the percentage of strength of a plate 
along the third line of rivets of a triple riveted joint. In 
addition to the decrease of strength of the sheet, there 




The Derry Collard Co. 
Figure 

A shearing punch. 
11 
Figure 64 
A common punch. 

is also some tearing influence exerted upon the metal 
while being punched. This influence may extend for a 
sixteenth or, in some cases, an eighth of an inch all 
around the punched hole. It is on this account that all 
punched holes are required to be reamed before the rivets 
are driven. A sufficient amount of metal should be taken 



102 



Punches for boiler work. 

off by the reamer to remove all the affected metal. Al- 
though much has been said in condemnation of punching 
steel and iron plates, yet, in the business world, punching 
is resorted to and almost wholly depended on. And the 
failures traced back to the punch itself are few indeed. 

Quite a common punch is shown at P in Fig. 64. It 
is attached to the stud S by a nut N, which holds it firmly 
in position. C is a center tit, which is now almost en- 
tirely used in centering the punch in the work. The die 
D is relieved at A so that the punchings can readily pass 
through the hole. In most boiler shops, and in many of 
the railroad shops, the punch itself is turned from tool 
steel in large quantities and as it gradually becomes worn 
out it is annealed and turned down to the next regular 
size. Then it is hardened and again sent out to be used 
in the machine. The number of holes that a punch will 
make depends very' much upon the quality of the steel, 
its treatment in hardening and tempering and also upon 
the way it is used on the machine. Seven or eight hun- 
dred holes will be a fair average for a ^ or a j^$-inch 
punch. 

The holes for the tube sheet are sometimes punched 
and then reamed to size, about a sixteenth of an inch 
being allowed for reaming. Although one might sup- 
pose that it would be an unwise thing to punch the tube 
sheet holes, yet thousands of them' are punched, and in 
fact one of the leading locomotive works in this country 
punch every hole unless they are otherwise specified. 

Fig. 65 shows a shearing punch which gives a very 
clean hole and from the enormous number of holes that 
such a punch can make, it would seem to indicate that the 
metal was cut rather than torn during the process of 
punching. This figure shows the shape of the sheet 

103 



Laying out tubes. 

after the punch has advanced about half way on its 
stroke. When these sheets are punched it is impossible, 
on account of the construction of the machine, to get 
close enough to the flange of the sheet unless the flange 
is turned up toward the punch. This, of course, means 
that the work of laying out the sheet must be upon the 
inside instead of the outside of the sheet. C is a spring 
center; once having centered the sheet upon the punch 
and thrown the gag of the punch in position, this center 
presses back out of the way and is always in good condi- 
tion. 

The usual lay-out of tubes is to comply with the 
specifications, which read "a certain number of tubes 
spaced so far apart." The bridge between the tubes, see 




Figuije 66 
'Layout" for tubes. 



Fig. 66 at B, is usually from ^s to 11 /i 6 °* an incn - Once 
in a while this space is cut down to one-half of an inch 
and less. While this cutting down process does admit of 
a little greater apparent heating surface by allowing a 

104 



Punch for long curved lines. 

few more tubes, yet the liability of these bridges breaking 
at B is too great to warrant its being made any less than 
y 2 inch. Then, too, it must be remembered that these 
tubes are not all straight, that mud collects between them 




Figure 67 
Punch for cutting along curved lines. 



and that to fulfill the conditions of a boiler, water should 
circulate freely about the tubes. The space should there- 
fore be made liberal. The tendency is also toward fewer 
tubes and more space between them. 

One of the most useful things in connection with the 
punching machine is the cutting punch shown in Fig. 67. 
It is used for cutting along long curved lines. The shear- 
ing machine is used for removing metal on the outside 
of any curve and the cutting punch for removing the 
metal on the inside of such a curve. The punch is shown 

105 



Operation of cutting punch. 

at P, and it is seen to have a tit portion P from J4 to J^$ 
in diameter, and also a taper portion S which is the cut- 
ting portion of the punch. The stroke of the machine is 




The Derry-'Jollard Co. 

Figure 68 
Smoke box sheet with bridges. 

such that the tit T always remains in the sheet. As the 
punch returns, the sheet K is pushed into the inclination 
S until it touches the tit, when it is ready for the next 
stroke. S is usually made to cut from iy 2 to 2 inches. 
The plan view of the punch is shown at A being semi- 
circular at both ends. 

Fig. 68 shows a smoke box sheet which has been 
punched with a cutting punch, allowing the bridge A, B 
and C, to remain in order to make a more satisfactory job 
of the sheet when it is put through the bending rolls. The 
necessity for leaving these bridges together with the metal 
they support will be mentioned again in another section. 

The stake portion of a horizontal punching machine 
is shown in Fig. 69. All flanges as they come from the 
machine are irregular in shape as will be seen by reference 
to the line A in the figure. E is the height of the flange 
that is required to suit the boiler. The sheet is held in 
position and the metal A removed by the punch and then 
chipped smooth. Fig. 70 shows a flat punch which does. 

106 




Operation of flat punch. 



not require much chipping after the 
metal has been punched away. P 
is the punch and F shows how one 
side is cut away. A die which is 
made to fit this punch is designed 
to go into the same pocket as the 
regular round die. These punches 
are rapid and make an exceedingly 
good job. 

Fig. yi shows a portion of a 
vertical punching machine, with a 
sheet P placed in position for 
punching. The sheet is supported 
by two clamps from a radial crane 
as shown, and is raised and low- 
ered by some form of block at H. 
The operator stands on the near 



Figure 70 

The Derry Collard do. 

A flat punch. 




Figure 69 The Derry Collard Co. 

Stake portion of horizontal punching machine. 
107 



Operation of vertical punch. 

side of the machine here shown. The punch has usually 
both foot and hand lever for controlling the machine. 




Figure 71 
A'ertical punch with sheet in position. 



The sheet is supported a little out of center so that it rests 
upon the die. 

In order to bring the sheet up to the punch, and enter 
the tit of the punch into the center punch mark, it is 
necessary to press upon the sheet at A or B, or both, and 
overbalance the sheet, thus bringing it up against the 
punch. The tit should be well entered into the center 
punch mark. Here lies the cause of so much trouble in 
punching. The action of the punch is so rapid that if the 
tit is not entered good and solid in the center punch mark, 
the hole will be punched through the plate out of center. 
It not infrequently happens that holes are punched to 
one side of the center and although this matter may not 
be so serious in the case of a stay bolt, yet if a rivet hole 
is punched out of center, it makes a very bad job to fix up. 

108 



Method of holding sheet. 

Fig. 72 shows the way a sheet is supported over a- 
horizontal punch. An eye bolt E is placed through some 
punched hole so that it will about balance the sheet and 
then raised and lowered by a hand crane to suit. T is the 



C^) T 




Figure 72 



Dsrry Collard Co. 



Method of supporting sheet for punching. 



trolley which has a movement back and forth along the 
jib crane J. After the work has been laid out upon the 
sheet, a good substantial center punch mark should be 
made in the sheet at every position where a punched hole 



109 



Shearing. 

is required. Before these holes are punched, each one of 
these places should be given a dab of grease, so as to 
lubricate the punch and increase its life. 



Shearing. 




We now come to the subject of shearing. There is 
scarcely a sheet that does not require some shearing work 
done upon it at some time during the process of con- 
struction. The work should always be laid out in such a 




Figure 73 The Deny Collard Co. 

Ordinary boiler-shop shear. 



way that the stock can be removed by planing, shearing 
only being resorted to where the amount of stock is too 
much to be planed off. Fig. 73 shows the common ar- 



Shears for various purposes. 

rangement of a boiler shop shear. The upper and lower 
shear blades T and B are made of tool steel and hardened. 
The blade should always be allowed to lap a distance at L, 
which is usually about a quarter of an inch when the head 
of the machine is in its highest position. As soon as the 
blades wear down so that they will not lap at L, they 
should be packed up; an adjustment always being pro- 




Figure 74 



The Derry Collard Co. 





Angle iron shear. 



Figure 75 



Shear for crown bar stays. 



vided for on one blade or the other. The lower blade is 
usually set at a slight angle of about V/2 degrees at C. 
When the stroke of the machine is large, the corner of 
the upper shear blade should be ground off so that the 
upper portion of this curve will not sink into the top of 
the plate, when the head is on its extreme downward 
stroke. 

Many boilers require angle irons in different parts. 
They are very quickly cut off in an angle iron shear, as 
Fig. 74. A is the upper and B the lower die. Any size 
angle iron L within the capacity of the machine can be 
cut off with the shears. 

The crown bar stays are usually made of material 



Rotary shear for thin sheets. 

Y2 by 2 J/2. These are very conveniently cut from the bar 
by a shearing arrangement shown in Fig. 75. The upper 
portion has a semi-circular shear blade A which passes by 




The Derry Collard Co. 



Rotary shear for thin sheets. 



the lower blade B. The material is pushed into the ma- 
chine against a stop and the ends are sheared off circular 
as shown. 

Where the boiler sheet is very thin as where the 
material is used for tanks and for air drums, the rotary 
shear shown in Fig. j6 is satisfactory and is rapid. The 
shears are set at a fixed angle and all sheets are sheared 

112 



Crown bars and welt strips. 

with the same inclination of the edge. The one great 
advantage in this form of shear, is that any curve can be 
rounded by it, a feature that is impossible with a plate 



Figure 77 
A crown bar. 

planer. The edge of the plate comes from the machine 
rather rough and a little bit ragged, but when the sheet is 
in position and calked it makes a good job. 

In Fig. yy is a crown bar. When these crown bars 
are made of light T iron, they are readily sheared along 




w 




E 
Figure 78 

A welt strip. 



the line C on any punch, where the flange can be butted 
up against the shear blade. The large size T iron, how- 
ever, cannot be sheared. The short pieces are cut from 



113 



Sundry shearing operations. 

the bar either by a cold saw or else by nicking with a 
sledge and cold chisel, and then breaking either by hand or 



a 


= "~~ 


G 


~1 


f 




~ 1 




C ! 

Figure 79 




The Derry-Collard Co. 



A gusset. 



a hydraulic bender. The portion at C in this case being 
either shaped off, or cut off after heating in the forge. 
The welt strip, Fig. 78, is laid off with only enough 




Figure So 
Back boiler head. 



Throat sheet of Wooten boiler. 



stock at D for planing. The plate W is then taken to the 
shear and while being swung from a jib crane it is sheared 
along the line A, allowing only enough metal for planing. 
The plate is then turned a little further around and 



114 



Plate planing. 

sheared along the line C. Next it is thrown around and 
sheared along the line B. The corners at R can be nipped 
oft under the shears to suit the radius. The stock 
along the lower line E is usually ordered so that it will 
not need to be sheared. If, however, the amount of metal 
to be removed is more than 54 of an inch, it should be 
sheared off. 

The gusset shown on Plate 4 is seen in Fig. 79. It 
is sheared along the line A on both sides and then along 
the line B. The metal at C, on account of the curvature, 
will have to be removed by the cutting punch. Fig. 80 
shows the back head of the boiler shown in Plate 2. The 
plate usually comes in from the mill shaped as shown by 
the lines in this figure. If the sheet is rectangular, how- 
ever, the metal will have to be removed along the lines 
A and B. The corners will then be clipped off to the 
line laid out on the sheet. The metal along the line C :s 
removed with a cutting punch. The inside throat sheet 
of a Wooten boiler is shown in Fig. 81. It is sheared 
along the lines A, B, C and D. The extra metal at E be- 
ing removed either by planing or by cutting away with 
a punch. 



Plate Planing. 




The plate planing machine is so powerful that when- 
ever it is possible to plane a sheet at all it should be put 
on this machine. It gives a better edge to calk against 
than can be obtained in any other way. Then too the 
lines are straight, improving the appearance and lessening 

115 



How seams should be planed. 

the cost of fitting up. The butt seam of every course of 
the boiler should be planed square, and all the calking 
edges along the longitudinal and other seams should be 
beveled off to a calking angle. 

Fig. 82 shows a seam where one sheet is square and 
the other sheet is beveled off for calking. The angle is 
different in nearly every shop. In many places it is gaged 




Figure 82 
Seam with one sheet square and one beveled. 






alone by the eye, while in others templets are made and 
rigidly adhered to in planing. For a ^-inch sheet the 
bevel would be from 3 / 16 to 34 inch. 

There are many different ways of holding the sheet 
in place while it is being planed, and there are also many 
ways of lining up the sheet for planing. Fig. 83 shows a 
boiler plate which has been punched, and is now ready to 
be planed. In nearly all shops the pitch of the rivets for 

116 



Gaging plates for planing. 

the various size plates and seams is figured down to a 
standard, and for given conditions the distance L is al- 
ways the same. For this reason a gage of whatever form 
or shape it may be, is made to drop into one of the rivet 
holes determining the distance L. 

Fig. 84 shows such a gage. They are marked for the 
different seams and dropped into the punched holes A ± 



r— ^ 

■b G f o 

01 o 

p 



Figure 83 
Plate ready for planing. 



? ' 



The Berry C»lla-d Co. 

Figure 84 
Gage for plate planing. 



and A 2 , near the ends of the sheet. After the jack screws 
have been drawn up tight, the head of the plate planer is 
started out along the edge of the sheet and a cut is taken 
off. This process is continued until the planer tool just 
touches the gage. 

Fig. 85 shows a portion of the plate planer, P is the 
plate, which is held firmly upon the bed of the machine 
B by the jack screws J. When the sheet P is short so that 
only one or two jacks can be used upon it, it is liable to be 



117 



Method of holding plate to be planed. 

torn from underneath the jacks by the action of the tool. 
A piece of wood placed between the screw S and the 
plate, will hold the plate firmly in position under almost 
any condition of planing. G is the beam of the planing 
machine. 

The butt joint of the first course of a boiler is shown 




Figure 85 
How plates are held for planing. 

in Fig. 86. This represents the condition of planing 
along the edge for cases where the seam is welded for a 
short distance on the ends. The sheet is first lined up 
by the gages being dropped in the holes B. The jacks are 
then lowered and the plate held firmly in position. The 
square planing tool is run along the edge and one cut 
after another taken, until the edge is brought down to 
gage. The angle tool is now started and allowed to run 
the required distance along the edge then quickly with- 
drawn, until the edge is beveled of! at A, to the required 
distance. This angle is usually made 45 degrees. 

Fig. 87 represents a dome sheet. This is a sheet for 
one of those domes where the vertical seam is butt 

118 



The holding of plates for planing. 

riveted. This sheet has already been punched, and is now 
ready for planing, which is the last operation required be- 
fore going to the bending rolls. B and B are any two 
rivets holes along the top line. This sheet is then clamped 
and planed down to gage. The clamps are raised, the 
sheet turned around and gages dropped in the holes at A. 



y 



O 



£ 



Figure 86 
Butt joint of first boiler course. 



TJte Derry Collard Co. 



It is now clamped and planed along the edge. The other 
edge of the sheet is planed in a similar way. The lower 
edge of this sheet at D cannot be planed unless the curved 
line varies but little from a straight line, but as most of 



119 



Planing dome and throat sheets. 

these domes are very large, and consequently reach down 
a considerable distance along the side of the boiler, the 



I 



Figure 87 
Planing a dome sheet. 



Bi 5 - 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



line D has quite a marked curve to it; this must be 
chipped. 

The fire-box throat sheet of Plate I is seen in Fig. 




Figure 
Planing a fire-box throat sheet. 



88. This sheet should be planed along the lower edge be- 
fore flanging, and as the lower edge is usually kept Y\ of 



120 



A difficult sheet to handle. 

an inch from the lower line of the water space frame and 
must be calked, the sheet will be planed at an angle. 

The first operation would be to line the sheet up from 
the holes A, and then the short flat spot can be planed off 
the proper amount. Next the clamps are undone and the 
sheet is barred around so as to line up with the holes at B. 
The planer tool is then run along this line and when the 
lower kink of the line is reached, the tool must be with- 
drawn ; in the same way the other incline line of the sheet 
is planed. The sheet is then thrown around and lined 
up with the holes C and C, and this line, although very 



^ E^ „ , \ 



- D * \ £f =^± 



1 Figure 89 . . The Derr y.c llard Co. 

A difficult sheet to machine. 



short, will be planed and the tool withdrawn promptly at 
the end of the stroke, so as not to cut into the sheet al- 
ready planed ,up. This sheet is now ready to be flanged. 
Sometimes we find on a boiler a sheet like that shown 
in Fig. 89. The sheet is rather a difficult one to machine 
on account of the irregular shape of the edge. The metal 
having been removed so as to allow sufficient stock for 
planing, the sheet is brought to the planing machine and 
lined up by dropping gages in the holes A and A. This 
edge will be run along with the angle tool and planed to 
the line. Next the sheet will be thrown around, lined up 
at B and this edge planed with a square tool. Then the 

121 



Handling a gusset sheet. 

other edge of the sheet corresponding to B is treated in 
a similar manner. 

The sheet is now lined up at E and E, and the 
throw-out dog is set along the shifter rod so as to stop 
the planer tool a short distance from the square shoulder. 
The head of the planing machine is now run backward to 
the other end of this line and the throw-out is set to suit. 
This line is now planed to the gage and what remains will 
be chipped out. The plate is then lined up at C and C, 
the planer tool started along the lower edge and the 
throw-out arranged so as to keep the tool from digging 
in the offset at D. In the same way the other end of the 




Figure 90 The Derry Collar* Co 

Handling a gusset sheet. 

line is planed, the tool being rapidly withdrawn at the 
end of the stroke, so as to break off the cut. The metal 
which remains will have to be chipped out. The sheet is 
then lined up at DD and this line planed off at the re- 
quired distance. All the planing along the lower edge 
will be at an angle. The usual form of gusset sheet will 
be seen by referring to Fig. 90. This sheet, it will be 
remembered, has a very flat portion front and back, 
around the bottom center line and therefore the planer 
tool can readily be made to plane at least 2 feet at these 
places. This sheet will be brought to the planing ma- 
chine and lined up at the holes A. Of course it will be 

122 



Planing an irregular sheet. 

remembered that all of the holes which have been indi- 
cated in these figures are but a few of many others which 
have been punched into the sheet. Two of these holes, 
which would best suit our purpose, would be chosen to 
line up by. The sheet is now planed along the line A. 

The curved line along the sheet between the holes C, 
varies more or less from a straight line, depending upon 




Figure 91 



Planing an irregular sheet. 



The Berry Collard 



the conditions upon which the boiler is constructed. The 
sheet is now lined up by the hole C, and having laid off 
the line to which the sheet should be planed. The head 
of the planing machine is started along the line and the 
tool fed in or out to suit this line as nearly as possible, 
the curve running out along the straight line at A. 

Next the sheet is planed on the opposite side to C, 
then it is thrown around on the end and planed along 

123 



Planing an irregular sheet. 

the line E. This line, it will be remembered, is not 
straight and therefore the planer tool must be withdrawn 
so as not to dig into the inclined portion of the sheet at 
the end. The whole length of this line, including the 
parts that run at an angle, can usually be planed, but if 
the inclination of the gusset is very great, this angle be- 
comes very large and one side would then have to be 
chipped out. The same thing is done at the other end of 



ffffffffffTTTT ffffffff 



inn jJerry Collard (Jo. 

Figure 92 



Front elevation of plate planer. 



the sheet. The sheet is now thrown around and lined up 
at the holes B, then planed along the line. It is then 
lined up with the holes D and, as this is the concaved 
line, the tool must be fed into the sheet through the first 
half of the stroke and withdrawn during the latter half. 
The desired line is laid out on the sheet and planed to as 
nearly as possible. 

We will refer to Plate 3 for another example of a 
very irregular shaped sheet. This sheet will be seen in 
Fig. 91. All the holes in this sheet will be either punched 
or drilled as it comes to the planing machine, so we can 
readily select a pair of holes A, A, and bring the sheet into 
place to correspond to them. All the lines on the sheet 
will be planed for a calking edge. The line along A will 

124 



Planing an irregular sheet. 

be planed at an angle. Next the sheet will be lined up 
at B, and planed off to suit. In a similar way it will be 
planed off along C. As the lower line of this sheet is 
concaved, the planer tool will have to be withdrawn and 




The Derry CoV.a'd Co. 



Figure 93 
Hydraulic jack for holding plates. 

the throw-out set to end the cut with certainty, before it 
can enter the sheet along the line E, E. In the- same way 
the line E, E, is planed. What remains in the corner 
between E and D must be removed by chipping. The 
sheet is now planed at F and G. If the beveled portion 



125 



Jacks for holding plates. 

of the sheet at X is more than 5 or 6 inches, the sheet 
would be clamped in the machine and this portion 
planed off. 

Fig. 92 gives the front elevation of a plate planer 
with the sheet held in position by a series of jacks. I 
would like to mention in connection with these jacks that 
in an attempt to get a clamp that would not slip, these 
jacks have been made so powerful that they lifted the 
foundation bolts on the ends of the machine. This was 
due to the fact that when a beam is loaded it bends and 
the beam, being a bed in this case, could only bend by 
raising the foundation bolts. No trouble is found in 
large sheets, but in holding very small sheets where only 
a few jacks are brought into play. 

A good plan is to have several extra screw jacks 
which can be placed in between the fixed jacks, to help in 
holding very narrow sheets. These jacks are now fre- 
quently made to operate by hydraulic pressure, which 
saves time. On account of the elasticity of the accumu- 
lator pressure, they act like a spring and will follow up any 
irregularity of the spring of the beam, always keeping 
tight, which cannot be said of the screw jacks. Hydraulic 
jacks have proven quite satisfactory, although being 
fixed they do not lend themselves to being shifted close 
together and made to hold a narrow sheet. 

One of these hydraulic jacks is shown in Fig. 93. 
L is an angle iron which is bent down in front of each 
jack on the side of the machine facing the crane. It acts 
as a guard for the cylinder and prevents it from being 
damaged by the sheet as it comes swinging into place. 
Some of these sheets are very heavy and a number of 
cylinder repairs have been made- necessary by bumps 
of this kind. 

126 



Bending. 




All the operations heretofore referred to must be 
performed upon a sheet before it is ready to be bent. All 
sheets which are cylindrical when bent are usually easy 
to bend, but the gusset sheet and the crown and side 



*Ai 



r-*K/' 



Jl 



3 



Figure 94 Tht Derry-Collard Co. 

Front elevation of bending rolls. 




Showing how rolls are driven. 



A bending 



sheets often make very difficult problems, 
roll is shown in Fig 94, with a sheet in place. Before the 
sheet is bent, it is pushed directly into the rolls or pulled 

"When the sheet is bent to form 



straight out from them. 



127 



Operation of bending rolls. 

a cylinder, it must be slipped off of the end of the rolls. 
This is done by a hinged bearing H which swings out so 
that the sheet can be removed. There is one top roll T 
placed in the center, and two bottom rolls B, one on each 
side of the center. These rolls are driven by pinions P. 



i — 




■■ 



Figure 96 
Position of slots in bottom bending roll. 



The action of the pinion is seen in Fig. 95. D is the 
driving and F the following pinion, which are keyed to 
the two bottom rolls. While the plate is being received 
the top roll must be supported by an arm E. This arm 
extends to the far end of the machine. It can be held in 
any position by a screw and hand wheel, and the bearing 
H dropped out of place. 

The two end bearings H and J of the top roll can be 
adjusted up and down independent of each other. By 
throwing a clutch lever back and forth, one is able to 
raise or lower one or. the other, or both ends of the top 
roll. It is by this adjustment that we are able to roll a 
conical sheet. It will be seen that a small portion of the 
top roll is straight. The ends are tapered off by an 
amount which is proportional to the size and length of 

128 



Operation of bending rolls. 



the machine. This is to offset the spring of the roll. 
On account of the construction of the machine, it is im- 
possible to roll any gusset sheet without bumping or 
barring the sheet around in the rolls. The lower roll 
being fixed, one end of the sheet would naturally roll as 
fast as the other, which of course would not do for a 
conical sheet. On account of this adjustment and for 
several other reasons, the bottom roll should have at 
least one, but better have three slots in it as indicated in 
Fig. 96. These slots are used to line up the sheet. 

Take the case of a cylindrical sheet, which is the 
simplest case of bending. We must get this sheet started 
straight, otherwise when the two ends come together 
they will not match up. This is a matter which is not 




Figure 97 

Sectional views of bending rolls 



The DerryCollard Co. 

Figure 98 



easily remedied, as the sheets are all planed off square 
on their ends before being bent. The sheet can be pushed 
in against one of these slots, thus lining it up perfectly 
straight. A slot Y\ of an inch at W and % of an inch 
at D would answer the purpose very nicely. 

In the absence of these slots, a chalk line is very con- 

129 



Operation of bending rolls. 

venient. It is held at each end of the roll so as to line up 
with the center, and then snapped, the white line is 
readily seen and makes a good substitute for a slot. 

A sectional view of a bending roll can be seen in 
Fig. 97. T is the plate and R the radius to which it is 
bent. When the sheet is entered, the power is turned on 
the bending screw, and the top roll is brought down so as 
to bend the sheet. The machine is then run back and 
forth and by gradually lowering the center roll, the 
proper radius R is obtained. This style of bending roll 
always leaves a flat portion of the sheet at S, which is not 
bent to the radius R. The reason for this is that the 
plate is a beam, supported at the two ends and loaded 
in the middle. The greatest bending moment is, of 




-He-- 



Figure 99 
Bending a cylindrical steel. 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



course, under the load and here is where the sheet bends. 
While the portion W, as would be the case with any 
other beam, will remain straight. This is ordinarily no 
objection in boiler work, for it is here that the seam is 
made and a flat portion in the sheet at the seam will not 

130 



Bending sheets not wholly cylindrical. 

do so much harm, especially if it is a single or double 
riveted seam. 

Sometimes it is desired to have the sheet bent clear 
to the edge and there are many cases where this is not 
only desirable but absolutely necessary. In this case, 




The Derry-Collard Ot>. 



Figure ioo 
Development in bending a sheet not wholly cylindrical. 





Figure 101 



the sheet is supported as in Fig. 98. The sheet is entered 
into the bending rolls, and an amount allowed to project 
at T, which would ordinarily remain straight. The top 
roll is now lowered and the sheet is firmly clamped in 
this position. It is now bent to the required radius by 
pounding upon it in the direction of the arrow. By 

131 



Bending sheets not wholly cylindrical. 

applying a gage one is gradually able to get the required 
radius. Ordinarily this can be done cold, but if the bend 
is very sharp, the sheet must be heated along the edge 
and hammered down with a wooden maul. 

Fig. 99 represents a cylindrical sheet, which has 
properly been rolled into place. The sheet is first entered 
into the rolls and lined up either with the slots or a chalk 
line, and then the ends of the sheet are rolled to conform 
to the required radius. The sheet is then rolled back and 
forth and the top roll lowered until the ends are brought 
together as here shown. The holes H and H as well as 
the edge of the sheet must coincide. 

We will now consider the bending of a sheet which 
is not a cylinder. The sheet is shown in Fig. ioo, which 
represents an outside sheet of a boiler, and which has the 
same shape front and back. This is not an uncommon 
sheet on a locomotive boiler. It is straight for a short 
distance S and then follows a radius R, which follows 
the line of the diameter D. This sheet is first entered 
into the rolls and the tangent points of the radius R 
are marked, a gage is then bent to conform to this radius 
and the sheet is run back and forth in the rolls, the center 
roll being lowered so as to give the radius R x in Fig. 101. 
The other end of the sheet is treated in the same way. 

The sheet is taken from the rolls and turned upside 
down, as shown in Fig. 101. Having the top roll elevated, 
the sheet is now entered and the top center line of the 
sheet is lined up with a chalk line or with grooves in the 
rolls. The sheet will have to be bumped back and forth 
until this comes exactly right. The top roll is lowered 
and the sheet runs back and forth until it gradually 
assumes the shape shown in Fig. ioo. 

In regards to this shape, a caution may not be out of 

132 



Accurate bending necessary. 

place. When the fire-box of the boiler sets down below 
the driving wheels, and where the space between the 
driving wheels and the fire-box is limited, the radius R 




w 



The Derry CMard Co. 



Figure 102 



A case where bending must be done just right. 

should be very nearly right. Of course it is cheaper to 
use an old die and patch it up a little, to flange the head, 



133 



Gages for bending operations. 

even if the condition has been slightly changed from the 
figures on the drawing. But in the case shown in Fig. 
102 the head must be nearly correct to the figures given 
in order that the boiler will drop in between the wheels 
with a sufficient room to clear the driving wheels. There 
have been cases where mistakes of this kind have oc- 
curred, and to fix such an error, which is only discovered 
when the boiler comes to the erecting shop, is not an easy 
job. All the stay bolts in a spot around the flange of the 
wheel must be drilled out, the sheet heated up on the 
outside to a dull red, and then pounded back a sufficient 




CO The Derry Collard Co. 

Figure io§ 
Gages for use in bending work such as shown in Figs. 100-102. 

distance to clear the flange. The holes must be re-bored 
and large stay bolts put back into place. Beside all this 
work it makes an unsatisfactory job. 

When any sheet like the one shown in Fig. ioo is 
to be rolled, wrought iron gages are bent to suit the 
curvature. Then the plate is rolled to these gages. 
They are usually made of strap iron }i inch thick by 
2 inches wide. One of these gages will be seen in Fig. 

134 



An example of leaving bridges. 

103. As this iron is very light and easily bent one of the 
pieces is taken and bent by trial to the boiler; it is bent 
to suit the contour. The gage is then marked to suit the 
boiler to which it applies. 

In the case of a fire box, crown sheets or side sheets 
and where the front and rear ends are not the same, a 
gage is made for each end of the sheet. As the dies for 




Figure 104 
Smoke box sheet with bridges left in holes. 

the front and back sheets of the fire, box determine the 
size and shape of these sheets, this gage must be ham- 
mered and bent to suit the outline of the flanged sheet. 
In the section on punching, reference was made in 
regards to allowing a certain amount of metal to remain 
until the sheet had gone through the bending roll. Fig. 
104 shows a smoke box sheet which is punched and planed 
up along the edges, ready to be bent in the form of a cyl- 
inder. If the bridges here shown were not allowed to re- 
main, the sections through these holes would be much 
weaker than through the solid plate, and as the plate, dur- 
ing the process of bending, is a beam supported at either 
end and loaded in the middle, the maximum bending 
moment is under the center of the center roll. It is evident 
that if large holes are cut into the plate the plate will bend 
more in crossing the hole than it will in the solid plate, 

i35 



Rolling conical sheets. 

but if these pieces are allowed to remain we have the 
equivalent of a solid plate. They are readily drilled 
out after the sheet has been rolled. Of course this is 
only done when the holes are of such large size that a 
uniform bend could not be obtained otherwise. 

When a conical shaped sheet is to be rolled, the sheet 
must be lined off at intervals as shown in Fig. 105. This 
represents a slope sheet of the boiler. The center line C, 

C, has already been laid out, as well 4 as the quarter lines 

D, D. As the sheet will come to the rolls all punched, 
lines as E, E can readily be laid off from the rivet holes. 
A line should now be chalked and a chalk line snapped at 




i 




Figure X05 
Lining off conical sheet before rolling 



The Derry Collird Co. 



each one of these places. The sheet is now entered into 
the rolls and straightened up with the first chalk line. 
It is then run back and forth a short distance on each side 
of the line and then the top roll is released. The sheet 
is then bumped around so as to be straight with the next 
line and so on until the two ends of the slope sheet gradu- 
ally work their way together. If an outside crown sheet 
of a Belpaire boiler, Fig. 106, was to be bent, a gage 
would be made to conform to the shape of the front end 
of the sheet, and also one for the rear end of the sheet. 
This sheet would be entered into the rolls and after hav- 



136 



Examples of conical sheets. 

ing a center line marked on it would be lined up to the 
rolls by this center line. 

The top roll will now be brought down slightly out 




Figure 106 
Crown sheet of Belpaire boiler. 



of level and then this sheet must be run back and forth 
along the center, occasionaly running the plate far 




Figure 107 
Crown and side sheets. 



enough through so as to be able to apply the gages 
front and back. By carefully manipulating the top roll 



137 



Making welt strips. 



and also watching the sheet so as to keep it lined up prop- 
erly the curvature of the sheet will gradually be made to 
creep around to and finally conform exactly with each 
gage. If the radius X is small, this sheet will be flanged 
on the ends by heavy wooden mauls. 

A fire box crown and side sheet is shown in Fig. 
107. As the front and rear 
end of the sheet are different 
in shape it cannot be run 
straight through the bending 
rolls. This sheet like the gus- 
set sheet already mentioned 
must have a center line laid 
off on it. Then all the quar- 
ter lines, and at least one in- 
termediate line between the 
quarters must be laid off. The 
sheet is first entered into the 
rolls and the ends of the sheet 
are cut to conform to the 
gauge. After both ends have 

been treated in this manner the sheet is removed, turned 
upside down and re-entered into the rolls. It is then run 
back and forth and hammered around to line up with the 
various marks that have been drawn on the sheet, and 
the sheet gradually bent to conform to the gages for the 
top portion of the boiler. 

Welt strips are usually much too narrow to be bent 
in the rolls ; they are usually heated and then pressed be- 
tween dies D and E, Fig. 108, either under a hydraulic 
flanging press or under a horizontal bending press. The 
dies do not necessarily have to be the radius of the boiler, 
the nearest die being selected and then, by putting pieces 

138 




Figure ic8 
Dies for welt strips. 



Bending Belpaire crown sheets. 

of sheet iron in the center joint, the edges of the welt 
strip are bent to suit another radius. 

Not all of the power bending rolls are capable of 




The Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 109 
A handy way of using bending rolls. 



bending a sheet as seen in Fig. 109, but when the sheets 
are not so thick and when the rolls are powerful, the 
corners of a Belpaire crown sheet can be bent cold by 



139 



Bending large radius corners. 

bringing the top roll down against the bottom rolls and 
punching the sheet between them as indicated. B is a 
rough casting with studs S screwed into it. C is a piece 
of wrought iron bent around so as to form a clamp. By 
this means almost any radius R, within the limit of the 
machine, can be obtained. Fig. no shows a very large 




Figure HO Tlie Derry Collard Co. 

Another use of bending rolls. 



radius which is obtained in the same way. B is also a 
rough casting and held to the rolls by cap screws. 

Sometimes a spiral seam is required for certain work, 
especially in the air reservoirs of air engines where the 



140 



Spiral seams. 

pressure is very high. As the heavy welt strips that 
would be necessary for this pressure would make a diffi- 




Fignre in 

\ The Derry Collard Co. 

A spiral seam. 




Figure 112 
Sheet for spiral seam. 



E F 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



cult construction, the seam is made single or double riv- 
eted and is run spirally around the boiler. Fig. in shows 
such a sheet. 

It is shown developed in Fig. 112. This seam half 



141 



Bending sheets for spiral seams. 

encircles the boiler on the developed sheet. The dis- 
tance L is equal to one-half the circumference of the neu- 
tral diameter D. A is the length of the sheet. At any 
section of the boiler the length of the sheet is a complete 
circle, plus the width of the seam. Another distance 
LL is laid off from the first, completing the circumference. 
In addition to this, we have the width of the seam T. 
Lines E, E, F, F, and so on, are drawn across the sheet 
as shown. After the sheet has been planed up, punched, 
drilled, etc., it is entered into the rolls and run back and 
forth. It will require occasional bumping around to 
bring these lines parallel with the rolls. The ends grad- 
ually work around and point toward each other and 
gradually work together until the seam commences to 
lap over. The ends should be rolled exactly to the 
radius of the boiler before the seam commences to close 
in as the rolls cannot be allowed to run over the seam on 
account of the extra thickness of such a plate. 




143 



Machining Parts. 

This section treats all machine work which is not 
included under the head of Punching, Shearing, Planing, 
etc. 




Drilling. 



In many shops the holes for the tubes in the front 
and back tube sheets are punched to about ^ or 7 A> dia- 
meter before the sheet is flanged, except a few which are 
located so close to the flange that there would be danger 
of drawing during the process of flanging. After the 
sheet has been flanged and the rough edges trimmed off,, 
it is put under a radial drill and a bar B, like that shown 
in Fig. 113, is let down through the punched hole at D. 
A cutter L, whose length is equal to the diameter of the 
hole for the tube, is keyed to the bar by a key K. All 
the holes are then bored out to this diameter. The cut- 
ter and bar being steadied by the guide D in the hole. 

There are many rings about a boiler varying in 

143 



Machining tube sheets. 

size which have radial holes drilled into them. An ex- 
ample of this kind is the smoke box ring, intermediate 
ring and dome cap ring. Fig. 114 shows a simple yet 
a very good method of doing it. E and E are rollers 
supported in some way from the table of the drill press. 
A good way of supporting these is to tap studs into an 
angle iron and then the angle iron is clamped to the 
face of the drill press. In Fig. 114, R is the ring and 



rn 



^ 



-L 



H 



<— D- 



i * 


R 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



Figure 113 
Cutting holes in tube sheet. 




Th&Derry Coltard' Co. 



Figure 114 
Drilling radial holes. 



D is the drill. After a hole is drilled the ring is rolled 
on E, E, into the next position, and so on. All holes 
must of course be radial, if the rollers E, E, are level. A 
pit is usually provided on one side of the drill press, so 
that work of a large diameter can be lowered into it. 



144 



Radial drill work. 

This work is frequently done by a radial drill, which can 
readily be swung around. Having a pit on one side 
of the machine for large work, they are at the same time 




The Derry-Collard Co, 



Figure 115 
Drilling dome flange. 



provided with a base on the other side of the machine for 
small work. 

On account of the very large hole which is cut into 
the sheet under the dome, the boiler is weakened at this 
point, and to make up for this the dome flange is made 
heavier than the other sheets, and is always double riv- 
eted along the part which is fastened to the boiler. 
These flanges are usually made of iy% or i 1 /^ steel and 

i45 



Mud rings. 

cannot be punched. Fig. 115 shows the method of drill- 
ing these flanges in position. In this case, the holes are 
laid off from a templet on the outside of the dome flange. 
A deep center punch mark is put into the sheet for each 




Figure 116 
Mud ring showing patch bolts. 




hole and the drill is run through both the flange and the 
boiler sheet. The dome is held in position by two bolts 
B, one front and one back. 

When this flange was in the press the center line was 
marked with the center punch. The dome is now lined 
up on the boiler to suit these marks. The two holes 

146 



Water space corners. 

front and back will be drilled, first through the flange 
and then scribed off and drilled through the sheet. C is 
a cast iron cradle into which a pair of rollers are dropped 
so that the boiler can easily be rolled back and forth. 
There are two such cradles, one at each end of the boiler. 
Several notches are provided for the rollers R to suit 
the various diameters. This work would be done under 
some form of radial drill, the saddle of the drill being 
shifted back and forth, while the boiler is rolled in the 
cradle. Thus in turn, each one of the holes of the flange 
can be reached and drilled radially. 

In Fig. 116 will be seen the corner of a water space 
frame. The patch bolts B are drilled with a compressed 
air drill or some other portable drill. After the mud ring 




Figure 117 



The Dcrry-Collard Co. 

Rose reamer for countersink. 



has been entered into place, the holes are drilled twice as 
deep as the diameter of the bolt and are run in radially 
unless otherwise shown on the corner card. The drill 
is fed into the work by being braced against some sta- 
tionary work, or else a chain clamp is used. 

147 



Building boilers in lots. 

When a number of boilers are being built from the 
same drawings, much work of laying off is saved by pil- 
ing the sheets one upon the other and drilling through the 
whole lot at once. The first sheet is punched or drilled and 
after being carefully looked over to see that everything 




Figure nS The Derry-Collard 

Holding drill to the work. 



is all right, is used as a gauge to guide the drill for the 
rest of the sheets. The sheets are placed on trestles or 
rollers underneath the radial drill. Many of the holes 
after having been drilled or punched are required to be 
countersunk. This is the case with most rivets in the 
water space frame, dome flange, dome cap, etc. Some 
are countersunk to clear casings or frames, while others 
are countersunk to give a neat appearance, or, as in the 
case of a fire box, to prevent the rivet head from burning 
off. A rose reamer, like that shown in Fig. 117, is best 
fitted for this work. It gives a much better surface than 
can be obtained by a flat drill and the countersink will 
be round instead of being full of corners as would be 
the case if a flat drill were used. 

It should be the aim, in the construction of any 

148 



When hand work is necessary. 

boiler, to do as much machine work as possible, although 
a certain amount of hand work is unavoidable. Fig. 
118 illustrates a very convenient arrangement for push- 
ing the drill or reamer into the work. It consists of a 
piece of boiler plate P with four eyes forged into it, from 
which chains C, lead all the way around the boiler. 




The Berry Collard Co. 



Figure ng 
Ratchet drill. 

These chains are long enough to encircle the largest 
boiler, and are provided with a clip so that they can be 
taken up on one end to suit the proper length of drill. 
About 90 degrees movement can be obtained with the 
ratchet handle H, which is plenty large enough for a hand 
motion. 

One of these ratchet drills is seen in Fig. 119. A 
mill screw S at the top feeds the drill into the work. The 
ratchet handle can be made to operate right and left by 
turning the thumb screw T one way or the other. An 
air drill is much more rapid than any hand drill and 
wherever these drills can be used to save time they 
should be employed. The same arrangement that is 
shown in Fig. 118 applies equally as well to air or other 
style of drill. 

Most wash-out plugs, blow-off cocks, injector-feed 

149 



Cutting holes for connections. 

connections, etc., are made by brass flanges. As the holes 
in the boiler are several inches in diameter, they are cut 
out under the radial drill by an arrangement shown in Fig. 
120. The cutter C is square on the outside and at an angle 
on the inside. It is sharpened by grinding the face. 




Cutting large holes on radial drill. 



The radial arm in this case is lowered so as to support 
the spindle near the bottom. Where these holes are 
much larger in diameter, a hole is drilled in the center 
of the circle and a tit on the lower portion of T pro- 
jects into this hole and guides the cutter. 

The holes in the water space frame are drilled under 

150 



Using multiple drills. 

a multiple spindle drill. These spindles are bunched 
together, four or six in a group, can be shifted to any 
position within the limits of the machine, and all of them 
run through at the same time. A deep pit is provided 




Figure 120A Figure 120B 

Two time-saving centering tools. 



in front of the machines into which the long water space 
frames are dropped while they are being drilled. These 
holes are usually drilled a sixteenth under size and then 
when the frame is entered into the boiler the holes are 
reamed out to the proper size. The holes in the brass 

151 



Turning and boring. 

flanges and different parts of the boiler are scribed off 
from the holes already punched in the sheet, and drilled 
under an ordinary drill press, the drill being set to run 
radially by the eye. 

Many of the crow feet and other style of stay-rod 
ends are drilled by jigs. A machine-steel bushing is used 
to guide the drill and is much cheaper and answers the 
purpose just as well as tool steel. The small holes in the 
outside end of the stay bolts are rapidly drilled by any 
one of the machines put on the market especially for this 
purpose. These holes are drilled about one and one- 
fourth inches deep into the center of the stay bolt. 

This center is usually gauged by eye and ordinarily 
this is near enough to the center. A small center punch 
arrangement which is illustrated in Fig. 120 B, has re- 
cently been described in one of the technical journals. 
It is intended to center punch the stay bolt exactly in the 
center. In the first place, before the stay bolt has been 
put into place, the tit T, Fig. 120 A, is entered into the 
stay bolt hole, and the punch is hit with a hammer, so as 
to make two little marks diametrically opposite each 
other. After the stay bolt has been riveted over, the 
punch arrangement, Fig. 120 B, is set into these holes 
and the center punch hit with a hammer, thus locating 
the center of the stay bolt. 



Turning and Boring. 

A dome flange like the one on Plate 2 has a great 
advantage over the style, Plate 5, on account of machin- 
ing the different parts. They are very quickly put to- 

152 



More about dome flanges. 

gether in the former. In Fig. 121 will be seen one of 
these flanges. It is made of 134 -inch steel plate. The 




/ 

Figure 121 
Machining dome flange. 



radius R of the die is the same for flanges which are to 
fit a boiler having a radius R 2 , which may be several 

i53 



Domes on slope sheet. 

inches more than the flange radius. R 2 is machined out 
and the limit of this radius is such that the sheet must 
not be less than ^ of an inch along the lower edge. The 
limit of the radius R is to give Yz at the top portion of 
the flange. The flange is mounted on the boring mill 
and is turned out on the inside to a diameter D 1} which is 
% of an inch larger than D 2 . This is only machined deep 
enough for the seam. The outer edge of the flange at 




The Betry-Collai-d Co. 



Figure 122 
Boring dome flanges in lathe. 



A is beveled off for calking. This completes the boring 
operation of the sheet. Before the sheet has been flanged, 
however, it will either be put on the lathe or more likely 
the boring mill, and turned off along the outer edge B. 
It is a circular sheet when flat. 

On some foreign locomotives, and on a few domestic 
as well, domes are required on the slope sheet. The de- 
sign has usually been altered so as to obviate the necessity 
of this construction, but there are times when the builder 

154 



Expense of dome on slope sheet. 

is required to place a dome in this position. The dif- 
ficulty in placing a dome on the gusset sheet consists, 
first, in the expense of new dies ; second, in the expense 
of fitting to the boiler; and third, all the holes harder to 




7 



, 



# 




FIGURE 123 
Turning dome top. 



FIGURE 124 
The Derry Collard Co. 

Smoke box ring. 



drill. The slope sheet is approximately conical in shape 

and the fit between the flange and slope sheet cannot be 

flanged well enough without afterwards being machined. 

This flange can be machined by 



i55 



Smoke box rings. 

dicated by Fig. 122, which shows the two face plates 
of a double driving wheel lathe. Joining these two faces 
is a boring bar which can be adjusted by the hinge joints 
and sliding pieces S. By shifting them in and out the 
tool point can be made to travel along the line of the ele- 




The DeiTy Collard Co. 

Figure 125 
Smoke box ring with two diameters. 



ment of the boiler. As these two face plates rotate to- 
gether, a circle is machined out of the flange at every 
point along the line. The head H is made to traverse 
along the bar by a screw driven by the star feed F, which 
is fitted up by beveled gears. The dome flange is bolted 

156 



Smoke box rings. 

on angle plates, and is supported on the carriage. This 
operation is expensive although once the machine is set 
up the time in machining a flange is not much more than 
double that of planing. The dome cap, Plate 2, is faced 
off along the outside diameter and faced off on top so 
as to receive a copper wire gasket between it and the 
cover plate. This is done either on a lathe or a vertical 
boring mill. 

A smoke box ring is now machined on the outer edge. 
It is absolutely necessary that the smoke box should be 
made air tight, otherwise the soot which collects would 
take fire and we would have a red hot front end. One 
of these rings is held upon the face plate, Fig. 124, by 
clamps C. These clamps are provided with set screws 
S and with them the ring is held rigidly in position, while 
a light cut is taken off along the outer face. This ring 
can also be machined on a vertical boring mill. An in- 
termediate ring R, Fig. 125, has two offsets on the 
diameter. As the boiler is to have the same diameter 
outside and the sheets vary in thickness, this offset is 
necessary to match up. The ring is clamped against the 
face plate of a lathe, with distance pieces D to keep it 
parallel to the face. Clamps, like that shown in Fig. 
124, are used to center the ring and then the ring is held 
in held in position by B and clamp C. W is a block of 
wood of sufficient length to clamp nicely. This ring is 
now turned to the proper diameter. Measurements are 
made with a calipers and the run is also obtained with the 
measuring wheel, the two being used as a check against 
each other. They should come out exactly right. No 
other turning is done on this ring unless some unusual 
arrangement of the internal connections requires it. 

The front tube sheet, Fig. 126, is in position on the 

157 



Tapping and reaming. 

face plate of a vertical boring mill. It is held in posi- 
tion by bolts through the holes which have already been 
drilled or punched in the sheet. It is now set to run 



y^/w/^ 



Figure 126 
Front tube sheet on vertical boring mill for beveling. 



true and the edge is beveled off with the tool R, for calk- 
ing. As this boring mill would be double-headed, both 
the tools would be made to cut at the same time. 



Tapping and Reaming. 

By far the greatest amount of tapping on a loco- 
motive boiler is that which is done for the stay bolts. 
The threads on the ends of the stay bolts are continuous. 
That. is, if the stay bolt was put in a lathe and the thread 
cut on one end and then the tool was allowed to run 
without opening the lead screw nut until it came to the 
other end, this thread would be continuous. It is evi- 
dent, therefore, in order to make a good fit that the 

158 • . 



Two forms of taps used. 

tapped hole for the ends of this stay bolt should also be 
continuous. Fig. 127 shows a tap for a continuous 
thread. The fluted portion A taps the hole while the 
body of the tap at B makes the thread continuous. On 




Figure 127 
Tap with thread on shank. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



long stay bolts this is sometimes lost sight of and their 
threads are not continuous nor is the thread of the tapped 

hole in the sheet. The proper way to fit up stay bolts, 
however, is to have continuous threads. 

The holes are sometimes very difficult to tap, as the 




Figure 12 
Tap with part of teeth removed. 



material is tough and bunches up. Several reasons for 
this difficulty have been suggested, and various kinds of 
taps made to overcome it. One of the best schemes, 
however, and one which seems to answer the purpose 
very well, can be seen in Fig. 128. It will be noticed 
that the alternate teeth are removed thus allowing more 

159 



Air motors for tapping. 

room for chips and gives each tooth a better chance to 
cut. These taps are very largely used by most boiler 
makers of today. 

Most of the stay-bolt holes are tapped by air motors 
and as little hand work done as possible. Where the 
work is straight and can readily be brought to the ma- 
chine they should be tapped by some form of drilling 
machine. There are several good tapping chucks on the 
market that are used to great advantage on boiler work. 
These chucks are provided with adjustable frictions 
which can be set to pull the tap under ordinary condi- 
tions, but which will slip when the tap sticks. This 
saves many a tap which would otherwise be twisted off, 
and also saves the annoyance of getting a tap out of a 
hole after it has broken off. Where the holes are tapped 
into rings, frames, etc., and where the hole does not ex- 
tend all the way through, the general practice is to enter 
the stud into the tapped part 1 3^ times its diameter. 

Fig. 129 illustrates a stay-bolt tap and reamer 
combined. The first few inches of the reamer is tapered. 
It then runs nearly straight for a distance E, where the 
tap begins. The thread is tapered for a distance D, 
which varies with the length of the tap and then is 
straight at C for a distance of about three inches. The 
shank B is turned down a little below the root of the 
thread, and is long enough to reach through both plates, 
where a stay bolt is to be placed. These taps are usually 
driven by air motors and are run straight through the 
first sheet and then into the second; having run through 
both sheets, it is allowed to drop into the inside of the 
boiler. This operation is repeated for each hole. 

Threads for wash-out plugs, corner plugs, injectors, 
check flanges, etc., are nearly all tapped by hand. The 

161 



One danger with motors. 

taps being large and requiring an enormous pull to turn 
them, a long wrench is used and power applied by one 
or two men at the end. The tapers vary with the differ- 
ent builders as also do the number of threads. Twelve 
threads to the inch, however, is common for plugs and 
flanges and is almost always used for stay bolts. 

The reamers that are used for opening up the rivet 
holes are very long and only slightly tapered. The con- 
tinuous flutes are interrupted by a thread-like cut which 
breaks the chips into short pieces, and tends to draw the 
reamer into the sheet. Other reamers are made where 
the flutes are spiral, the direction of the spiral being ar- 
ranged so as to pull the reamer into the work. 

Fig. 130 shows a too frequent occurence in tap holes 
for stay bolts. T shows the tap and 
t x and t 2 shows the inside and out- 
side boiler plate. W is the weight 
of the motor. As these taps have 
keen edges, this weight is sufficient 
to make the tap cut down on the "f^uSt^, 

outside sheet and up on the inside & ^f w& 

, . . - , * Rose reamer for sheets. 

sheet, thus cutting away the metal 

at these points, so as to give a full thread here and only 
a half a thread on the opposite side. The remedy, of 
course, is to hold the motors right, but as they are 
heavy, workmen will allow them to drop and the result 
is that some holes do not pass the inspector. The little 
riveting up that a stay bolt gets on the outside of the 
sheet does very little good in adding strength, and there- 
fore a full thread alone should be depended upon. 

The joints for the steam pipe, for the dry pipe connec- 
tion to the throttle, the injectors, steam valves, throttle 
lever stuffing box connection, etc., are now almost en- 

162 




Planing and milling. 

tirely made by ball joints. The sheets are reamed out by 
rose reamers, similar to Fig. 131. Sometimes they are 
solid and at others as shown here. In any case they 
are spherical in form and must be applied to the sheet 
under pressure, sufficient only to make the reamer take 
hold. The part that fits into this ball joint is machined 
spherical to suit the gauges and then the parts are ground 
together with powdered emery. 



Planing, Milling, Etc. 

All water space frames are now machined inside and 
out. In addition to this, they may have pads front and 
back and finished spots for cross ties on the sides. A 
plain, flat water space frame is shown in Fig. 132. It is 
laid off, then lined up on the machine, and planed along 
the outside edge at A. It is then thrown around and 
planed along the edge at B. This frame is then removed 
and the corners milled and slotted, when it is again 
brought back and the remaining material planed off and 
machined carefully to the exact figures. The amount 
of finish may vary from nothing up to half an inch or 
more. 

Lugs for supporting the boiler are frequently re- 
quired to be machined to fit certain connections on the 
boiler. These connections are usually arranged so that 
the planing need not be to any exact figure, the surface 
alone being trued up and the matching arranged for in 
some other part. These lugs should be avoided as much 
as possible in the design, especially in boilers which are 

163 



Avoid lugs on boiler. 

subject to foreign shipment. They are frequently bent 
and sometimes broken off, which makes an expensive re- 
pair. A very good way of supporting the boiler is to 
bolt an angle iron underneath the water space frame 
and bolt the support to it. 

Fig. 133 represents a dome base which is being ma- 
chined out to the proper radius of the boiler. It is 



_An^ 




TT 



F igur e 1 3 2 The De^ Collar* Co. 

Plain water space frame. 

mounted and clamped down rigidly upon the bed of the 
planing machine. The holes having been drilled in the 
flange, it is readily clamped to the bed of the machine by 
using these holes. D is a distance block which is placed 
underneath the flange. The flange is marked front and 
back with a center punch mark. A pointer is placed on 

164 



Dome bases. 

the tool post and the bed run back and forth, the flange 
being bumped around so that its center line will be 
parallel with the center of the bed. It is now clamped in 
position. T is the planer tool which is rigged upon a 
rotary head. The radius R of the point of the tool is 
made to suit the boiler. A cut is now started beginning 
at one end. The rotary head of the planing machine is 
provided with a feed mechanism to move the tool radially 
across the flange. 

Heavy vertical milling machines are gradually being 
introduced by nearly all the locomotive shops. These 
machines are almost universally used for milling the 
corners of water space frames. D, Fig. 134, is the 
diameter of one of these milling cutters. The sheet is 




Figure 133 The Derry-Collard Co, 

Machining dome base to fit boiler. 



clamped upon the table of the vertical milling machine 
and the table is run back and forth so as to mill the line 
A, the radius of the cutter being the same as the radius 
of the inside corner. The cutter is now run down along 
the line B and a cut is taken off of sufficient length to 

165 



Milling machines for boiler work. 

start or stop the planer tool as the case may be. The 
metal at S is slotted out after the milling process is com- 
plete. The frame is now shifted on the bed of the mill- 
ing machine and the center C of the outside corner is 
made to coincide with the center line of the table. This 
can be done in several ways, one of which is to put a 
block of wood at C and find the center on it, and then 
having a conical shaped tool to put in the spindle. The 
spindle is lowered and the table shifted until the center 




Figure 134 
Milling water space frame. 



stands exactly over C. Or a scriber is attached to the 
spindle, and is set to the radius R of the frame. It is 
then adjusted so that the scriber coincides with the line 
E. The spindle is then turned through 45 degrees and 

166 




IIIIIIHIHIIIIIII llllllll 




Figure 135 ' 

stilling out a punched hole. 



The Derry-Collard Co, 



I67 



Another milling machine job. 

the frame shifted at right angles to the previous direction, 
until the scriber coincides with F. The table having been 
set central with the spindle in the first place, the center of 
the frame must of course be over the center of the table. 
The table is now shifted and the milling cutter fed into the 
outside of the frame until it comes to the line of the cor- 
ner. The table is now fed around and the corner will be 
milled off to the radius R. After 90 degrees has been 
made the cutter is allowed to run along the line F and 
then along the line E to meet the original planing. The 
metal at S 2 will be removed by a slotting machine. 

Fig. 135 shows how the rough surface of a punched 
hole is milled smooth. This figure represents the hole 
that is put into a dome flange like that shown in Fig. 133, 
before the sheet is flanged. It will be remembered that 
it must be elliptical and must be machined smooth before 
flanging. P represents the burr left after punching, R t 
and R 2 are the approximate radii of the ellipse. The 
center C is first set over the center of the table which is 
shifted and the milling cutter M is allowed to cut away 
the metal as indicated. This is also done on the other 
side of the sheet, which is now shifted and C 2 placed 
over the center of the table. The table is shifted and the 
cutter allowed to run along the part corresponding with 
R 2 . This process is repeated on the other side of the 
plate. Thus a smooth machined hole all around the 
periphery of this ellipse is obtained. 

Since so many failures have been traced to staying 
and to badly fitted up bolts, the best material only should 
be used for this purpose and the best workmanship placed 
upon it. In almost every case, all crown bar and stay 
bolts are turned steel bolts, which are made to fit reamed 
holes. The bolts have nuts and are provided with cotter 

168 



Riveting. 

pins outside the nuts. Nearly all stay bolts are made in 
bolt machines. They are of the best Norway or Swedish 
iron or its equivalent and upset at the ends before being 
threaded. Short stay bolts are threaded the whole 
length and in other cases the thread is cut out for the 
central part of the stay bolt. The bolt with the upset end 
is much more durable. 



Riveting. 




A boiler rivet has become such an ordinary, every 
day affair, that we scarcely realize the important role it 
plays in the construction of the boiler. Much of course 
depends upon the quality of the material used, and upon 
the manner in which it is driven. A rivet driven under 
pressure or what is generally called a machine driven 
rivet, is far superior to a rivet driven in any other way. 
There is less liability of having loose rivets than in the 
case with hand driven rivets or rivets driven by snap air 
riveters. Nearly all rivets on locomotive boilers are made 
button head like Fig. 136 unless otherwise specified, as 
this is the cheapest style of rivet to drive by machine. 
When rivets are driven by hand, the head for holding on 
is flat so as not to batter it up. The remainder of the 
head flares out like Fig. 137. Sometimes a rivet head like 
Fig. 138 is specified and occasionally it takes the form of 
a radius instead of a straight line, i. e., somewhat conical 

169 



Rivet heads. 

in shape, but instead of having straight lines, the lines 
are curved. This gives a heavier head, although rather 
more difficult to make than any other style. Fig. 139 
illustrates a conical head rivet which is a style invariably 




Figure 136 



Figure 137 



Figure 141 



Figure 140 



Forms of rivet heads. 




Figure 139 

The Perry Collard Co. 



obtained by hand riveting. All fire box seams inside and 
outside are now countersunk and also all rivet heads 
which interfere with other parts or must be countersunk 



170 



Flush rivets. 



for clearance or for appearance. This style of rivet head 
is seen in Fig. 140. It is curved at A about as shown, 
which makes the head stronger. Many people counter- 
sink all mud ring rivets, using this style of head. 

Where it is absolutely necessary to have the rivet 
heads perfectly flush, they are made like Fig. 141. As 
it is almost impossible to have just enough material to 




A hand-driven rivet. 



fill up the rivet holes, one or the other side of these heads 
is apt to come a little full, and therefore the rivet must 
be chipped off flush. This is usually so noted on the 
drawings. 

Wherever it is possible to drive a rivet by machine, 
it should be done, but there are cases where it cannot be 
done profitably, as for instance on the back head. This 
head is entered into the side and crown sheets, and then 
these rivets and also those in the fire door are hand 
driven. They are entered into the sheet from the inside, 

171 



Holding work. 

and while the rivet is being held at A the head is ham- 
mered down as seen in Fig. 142. 



Various Operations on the Riveting 
Machine. 

We will now consider the method of hanging a 
boiler over the riveter stake of a large hydraulic riveting 
machine. A single course of a locomotive boiler is very 
readily picked up and dropped down over a riveter stake, 
but a large boiler like Fig. 143 is not so easily handled. 




Holding boiler over riveting stake. 

On the floor, this boiler rests in the same position as it 
does on the engine. The block C of the hoist is hooked 
into the three chain link as indicated. Now it would be 

172 



Work must be well supported. 

In the first place the sharp edges at A would cut into the 
floor and tear everything as it went along. Secondly, 
the boiler plate being flexible, the boiler would be apt to 
fall over on its side and bump into something else; and 
thirdly, after the boiler had been nearly raised from the 
floor, it would roll around and endanger everything 
about it. 

For this reason a pulley block is attached at B, the 
boiler is raised off the floor and is thus suspended in the 




Figure 144 
A good rig for supporting boiler. 



air. C is now raised while B follows, always keeping the 
boiler off the floor, until all the weight is finally taken 
by C. Where there are several riveting machines, in- 
stead of using a pulley block at B, one of the other hoists 
can be used instead. 

The arrangement commonly used for supporting the 

173 



Handling with crane. 

boiler is shown in Fig. 144. R is the ring which en- 
gages with the crane hook. T is the turn buckle, C are 
chains and H engages with some part of the boiler. The 





TheJDerry Collard Co. 



Figure 145 
Plates for holding boiler. 

object of the turn buckle is to level the boiler, which 
is usually important. 

Boiler plates about Y% of an inch thick at T, Fig. 
145, have several holes punched into them and are bolted 
to the boiler at D, Fig. 143, to support it. Two or three 
}i or one-inch bolts in each are sufficient. This boiler 
plate is slightly bent so as to take the chain at C. Three 
of these plates are used on each boiler. They are at- 
tached as indicated in Fig. 143 for the reason that a 
large boiler would be too long to go over the stake if the 
chain was not coupled very short. Of course if there is 
plenty of overhead room some other connection would 
be satisfactory. 

The platform on a large boiler riveter is very large 



17. 



Large riveting machines. 

and the gap at L being great, it is sometimes difficult for 
the operator to get near enough to the dies. This in- 
convenience is entirely overcome by an arrangement of 
the platform shown in Fig. 146. D are trap doors which 



Convenient arrangement of 
operating platform. 




Figure 146 



The Perry Collard Co. 



are hinged upon a girder G. D represents one of these 
trap doors being thrown back out of place. 

Where one is riveting around the bottom center of 
the throat sheet, the legs of the water space frame stick 
in around this platform, therefore these doors are all 

175 



Examples of riveting. 

arranged so that they can be thrown back out of place. 
Under ordinary conditions they are in place as indicated 




The Derry CMard Co. 



Riveting a dome. 



by this figure. R are wrought iron bolts threaded at 
each end and having nuts on each side of the girder. By 

176 



Spring of riveting stake. 

means of these rods any sag in the doors can be taken 
up by adjusting these nuts. 

The riveter stake and also the frame deflect under 
the load, the amount of this deflection depending upon 
the size and capacity of the machine. It is apt to be as 
much as ^ of an inch for either the stake or frame. For 
this reason the platform should not be fastened to the 
stake, but to a permanent structure. A wrought iron 
bracket B four of five feet long should be arranged to 
support the riveter end of the platform, while the rear 




Figure 14S 



Riveting crown bars. 



The Derry-Cdlard Co. 



end can be attached in some way to the building itself. 
The floor being cut out around the rivet frame, the de- 
flection will not interfere with the platform. 

A simple case for riveting in seen in Fig. 147, show- 
ing a dome. This work can be done upon a short rivet- 
ing machine. The dome is supported by three chains C 
which are attached to the bolt holes in the dome cap. 

177 




Figure 149 
Riveting slope sheet of boiler. 



178 



Dry pipe ring. 

The plate and flange are held in position by a few bolts, 
enough to draw the sheet firmly together at the joint. 
The rivets are entered into the sheet and countersunk 
on the outside. They are driven one after the other, the 




XheDerry Ccllard Co. 
Riveting dry pipe ring. 



nuts removed from the bolts, the bolts knocked out of 
place and dropped down on the inside. The process is 
continued until the rivets are complete in one row. The 
crane is then made to raise the dome up to the line of 

179 



Back head stays. 

the second row of rivets and these are driven in a similar 
way. 

The crown bars of the locomotive boiler are fre- 
quently made of T iron sections, Fig. 148. The die D is 
lengthened out so as to clear the T iron and is also cut 
away on the bottom for clearance. Unless the rivet head 




Figure 151 
T iron stays on back head. 



is on the outside or interferes with some other part of the 
boiler, they will be driven with button head rivets inside 
and outside as in this illustration. 

Fig. 149 shows a slope sheet of a boiler, the seam 
being on the top center. If this boiler has a great deal 

180 



Various methods used. 

of slope, it would interfere with the stake in riveting the 
longitudinal seam. For this reason the chain C is 
coupled up in such a manner as to throw the slope part 
of the sheet plumb. The boiler is raised and lowered to 
suit the holes and the rivets are driven in this seam. 

The method of riveting the dry pipe ring to the 
front tube sheet is illustrated in Fig. 150. The sheet is 
supported by two chains C, from the crane hook of the 
r riveting machine. These rivets are usually button head 
on the inside, but on the outside they have countersunk 
heads. The flange of the dry-pipe elbow comes so close 
to the sheet, that the heads must be countersunk to clear. 
Once the rivet is driven as shown, the crane hook is 
lowered to the level of the next rivet and the bridge of 
the crane is traversed so as to bring the hole in line with 
the dies. This process is repeated for the next rivet and 
so on. 

A back head of a boiler is supported from a crane 
hook in Fig. 151. The T irons used in staying the back 
head are shown at T. All the holes in the boiler and 
these T irons have been punched or drilled, and the T 
irons held in place with several bolts. As the rivets are 
driven, these bolts are taken out and all the T irons are 
riveted into place. 

After the dome, the front tube sheet, the back, etc., 
have been riveted up complete, the various parts are at- 
tached to the boiler by bolts. Frequently a half dozen or 
more washers are put in to make up for the various 
lengths of bolts used. Each one of these washers being 
more or less elastic, the plate is held more firmly together 
than it would be if plain bolts without washers were em- 
ployed. As the pressure is brought on to the rivets, the 
space between the plates becomes very small, and as the 

181 



Riveting different seams. 

rivets follow on around the boiler, the elasticity in the 
washers will take up the space left between the plates as 
the rivets come along. 

In some shops the dome is riveted on the boiler by 
machine, while other places which are not fitted up 
especially for this work, must content themselves with 
hand driven rivets. 

All the rivets in the longitudinal and transverse 
seams of the boiler proper are riveted on the machine. 
Where a long stake riveting machine is not to be ob- 
tained, the circumferential seam in front of the throat 
sheet is riveted up by hand. Sometimes the boiler is too 
long to reach all the rivets when the boiler is in one piece. 
The rivets are then driven in each of these two parts of 
the boiler by machine and then the sheets entered into 
each other and the remainder driven by hand. 

The fire box, the mud ring, and the back head, are 
put in place after all the other rivets have been put in 
by the riveting machine. The rivets in one end of the fire 
box and some of those in the other end, can be put in on 
the machine while the remainder must be driven by hand. 
After the boiler has been partly riveted, the scarfed seam 
and seams that overlap each other, must be heated up 
and pounded back into shape so as to make the seam as 
tight as possible. After all these seams have been gone 
over and hammered down neatly into place, the holes are 
reamed out true, and the remainder of the rivets driven. 
After the fire box has been entered into place, and the 
mud ring has been put in position the mud ring rivets are 
also ready to be driven. 

Fig. 152 shows an air riveting machine for water 
space rivets. The boiler is rolled on its back and the 
riveting machine supported from a crane hook. Hy- 

182 



High pressure tanks. 

draulic machines are also used, although not so exten- 
sively as the compressed air riveter here illustrated. 

The pressure tanks on air engines are usually made 
to stand high pressures. The ends are flanged to the 




Figure 152 
Air riveting machine. 



radius of the boiler and entered into place as seen in 
Fig. 153. One end is entered and riveted up on the 
machine provided that the boiler is large enough to slip 
over the stake. The other end of the boiler is flared out 

183 



The riveting machine. 

like the first only it has a hand hole H provided in such 
a manner that one can place the hot rivets into the hole 




Figure 153 
High pressure tank. 




The Derry-CoUard Co. 



from the inside. The hand hole is then covered up with 
the plate A with a gasket between it and the boiler, to 
make the seam air tight. 



The Riveting Machine. 

Nearly all riveting machines at the present time 
are operated by hydraulic pressure. This pressure varies 
from one thousand to two thousand pounds pressure per 
square inch. The diameters of the cylinders are such 
that the required pressure is obtained upon the rivet. 
Fig. 154 represents a cross section, through a pair of 
dies and two plates. It will be seen that the dies do not 
touch the plate and it should be a rule never to allow the 
die to come in contact with the plate, but to take the en- 

184 



A defect of old riveters. 

tire pressure on the rivet head. This figure represents 
what is altogther too common with old riveting ma- 
chines. 

A shows the difference between the center line of 
the two dies. This is brought about by the shifting of 




Figure 154 
Riveting dies out of line. 



the stake on the frame. It can be remedied in a number 
of ways, but should never be allowed to be much out of 
line as the head of the rivet would not be central with the 
body. This eccentricity of the head is a very bad thing 
when the rivet is in direct tension, as the stress in this 
case is much greater on one side of the rivet than on the 
other. 

Dies are always made of tool steel and should be kept 
in good shape. The number of rivets that such a die can 
drive, depends upon the steel, the pressure, the kind of 
rivets and so on, and may vary anywhere from a few 

185 



Number that dies will drive. 

hundred to several thousand. As soon as the die gets 
out of shape, and always before it hits the sheet, it should 
be sent back to the tool room and reshaped. 

Fig- 155 represents a flat lathe tool for shaping up 
a die for a button head rivet. The shape of the rivet 
heads is sometimes dependent upon what certain 
engineers consider correct and frequently the rivet head 
is specified to the builder. In this case the dies would 
all be shaped up by some form of flat drill in the lathe. 

The head of the the rivet before being driven need 
not be and in fact very rarely is the shape of the finished 
rivet head which is required. Indeed many use rivet 
heads like Fig. 137 for all purposes where a button or 
other outside head is required. It is believed that the 
upsetting action, which is necessary to bring such a head 
into a spherical form, improves the strength of the rivet. 




Tool Steel 



Figure 155 
Making a die for button head rivet. 



The rivets are almost universally made of wrought iron. 
The heads of steel ones for some reason seem to have a 
tendency to snap off after the rivet is driven. 

Various methods are used for heating the rivets. 
Several of the large locomotive builders in this country 
use egg or nut coal with the air blast, while others, 

186 



Heating the rivets. 

especially in the far West, use oil almost entirely. The 
coal fire is usually arranged on the riveter platform quite 
near the machine and sometimes is arranged with a pipe 



10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 























TONS 


PRESSUftE ON 


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TKt Derry Collard Co. 

Figure 156 
Pressure required for rivets. See page 188. 

for carrying off the gases. Too frequently, however, 
no provision for taking care of the gases is provided for. 
The coal fire does not give as uniformly heated a rivet 

187 



Rivets driven per day. 

as does an oil fire. When button head rivets are used and 
when these rivets are driven by button head dies, it is 
not so important that the head be heated as hot as the 
end, and therefore the kind of fire to be used depends 
very largely upon the condition under which the rivets are 
driven. 

The number of rivets that can be put in with one of 
these machines may reach as high as eight or nine hundred 
a day, but there is one thing that should not be forgotten 
in rapid riveting. The metal of a rivet flows freely at 
a red heat, but only attains its greatest strength when the 
rivet is cool. As the heat of the rivet cannot be absorbed 
by the dies and sheet in an instant, four or five seconds 
is sometimes necessary before the rivet cools of! suf- 
ficiently to hold the sheet in place. The rivet should 
therefore be held four or five seconds before it is released. 
Wherever speed is gained, it should not be done at a 
sacrifice of this kind. The dies of course become hot and 
must be cooled by frequent application of water. 

The pressure required to drive various size rivets is 
dependent on the diameter of the rivet. Most hydraulic 
machines are arranged for three pressures, and give 
pressures at the dies according to the size and capacity of 
the machine about as follows : 

ist — 25 — 50 — 75 Tons 
2nd — 33 — 67 — 100 " 
3rd — 41 — 83 — 125 " 
4th — 50 — 100 — 150 " 

Machines of the latter capacity have recently been 
furnished and are intended for very large rivets. 

Fig. 156 shows the pressure which is required for 
the rivets. The curve is plotted for a fibre stress upon 
the area of the head of the rivet of sixty thousand pounds 



Pressure required for riveting. 

to the square inch. It will be seen from this figure that 
the pressures of the common size rivets are as follows: 
y 2 Inch rivets require 18 Tons 



H 


u 


it I 


' 26 


H 


a 


it I 


' 36 


% 


it 


tt t 


1 48 


I 


(( 


it I 


' 63 


i% 


a 


it I 


' 95 


irt 


it 


it t 


1 114 


1/2 


it 


a ( 


' 135 



Fig. 157 shows a riveting machine which can be seen 
in a number of locomotive shops. This machine is flush 




Figure 157 
An ordinary riveter for general work. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



at T and the gap G is from thirty-six to forty-eight 
inches. This machine admits of a good part of the work 
of the locomotive boiler but does not lend itself to getting 
in corners such as close places around a throat sheet, 
dome, etc. For this reason we find in some shops a more 

189 



Vauclain flush bottom riveter. 

improved type of machine shown in Fig. 158. This ma- 
chine is also flush at T but has a long forged horn H 
extending out from the top slide of the cylinder. With 
this machine one is able to get into many small places 
which would be impossible on the machine shown in Fig. 




An improved type with long horn. 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



157. With it every rivet joining the dome flange to the 
boiler can be reached and also the rivets in the throat 
seam. Sometimes in order to reach every rivet in the 
seam it is necessary to have a special die, in order to clear 
the welt strip, throat sheet, etc. 

When a boiler is suspended on the hook of the crane 
the fire box hangs down, and in riveting up the throat 
sheet as well as in driving all the rivets near the throat 
sheet and along the bottom, it is necessary to have a 
cylinder flush underneath. Fig. 159 shows such a cylin- 
der. This type was invented a number of years ago by 
S. M. Vauclain, of Philadelphia, and has since come into 
very general use. It is known as the Vauclain or flush 
bottom cylinder. T is made as small as possible in order 

190 



Hand riveting. 

to be able to reach all the rivets in the throat sheet. At 
the same time A is faced off in order to get in close to 
the flange. G on twelve-foot riveters and over is now 
frequently made fifty- four inches, which is wide enough 
to take in almost any kind of a boiler now being built. 



Hand Riveting. 



The amount of hand work to be done on a locomo- 
tive boiler is much greater than it should be. Perhaps in 
the near future much which we now consider absolutely 
necessary to be done by hand, will then be done by 




Figure 159 
Vauclain flush button riveter. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



machine. There are hundreds of rivets on every boiler 
and most of them in awkward positions which must be 
put in by hand. 

Fig. 160 illustrates a heavy holding on hammer and 

191 



Hand riveting. 

hook. The rivet head is like Fig. 137. It is thrown into 
the boiler, entered into place and the hammer H is 
brought up into place. The hook T attached to some 
punch hole or to a strap or some other convenient place 
is gaged to suit this position. T is made as small as 
possible so as to get a long lever. The holder-on 
throws his weight on at M, the head R is then pounded 




A hand "holder-on." 



down by one or more riveters. After the head has been 
hammered into its proper shape, a forming tool, Fig. 161, 
is used to make it smooth. 

The fire door shown on Plate 2 and all others of 
this style are hand riveted. The rivet is entered from the 
inside of the boiler and the end to be riveted is hammered 
radially toward the center of the fire door opening. 
While it is thus held in position, the head is riveted over 
by two men, one striking from the outside and the other 
from the inside of the fire box. 

The rivet is held in place by an arrangement shown 
in Fig. 162. The main part D is made of wrought 

192 



Tools used in hand riveting. 

iron and is eight or nine inches in diameter. The 
width T is made 1^2 to i}i inches. The handle H is 



J 



V. 



Figure 



-Ull 



The Derry Collar* Co. 

Forming tool for rivet head. 



-T-» 




Figure 162 
Holder-on for fire-door riveting. 



made of wrought iron and is i J /% to i% inches in 
diameter. This handle is bent to suit the boiler, and it is 



193 



Loose rivets. 

entered between the back head and the back fire box 
sheet. A fulcrum is arranged in such a way as to bring 
the head D upon the rivet in order to hold it firmly in 




Figure 163 
Knocking off rivet head with punch. 



place. As this head is round it readily lends itself to 
holding on the rivets at the different positions. The 
fulcrum consists of a strap of iron which is hooked up to 
different lengths and is attached by means of bolts into 
the holes for the stay bolts. 

Whether rivets are driven by hand, or by machine, 
unless the sheets are well bolted together before riveting, 
there are apt to be some loose rivets. When these rivets 
are detected, which may be frequent or only on rare 
occasions, they must be taken out and new rivets put in 
their place. It is not an uncommon thing to find loose 
rivets in the water space frame and in the circumferential 
seams. The rivets in the water space frame being very 
long, the amount of material of the rivet is not exactly 
equal to the rivet hole, and therefore we have a loose 
rivet. In the circumferential seam there is apt to be a 

194 



Removing rivets. 

slight difference in circumference between the fitting sur- 
face of the two sheets and this would mean that unless 
the sheets were drawn together very firmly, there would 
be a small gap between the sheets. As one rivet after 
another is driven, each rivet pulling a certain amount 




R 



The Derrtf-CoUard Cc, 
Figure 164 
Knocking out a countersunk head rivet. 



upon the sheet, there will be a time when the longest 
rivet will be relieved of its weight and we would have a 
rivet to be taken out. 

Fig. 163 illustrates the method for removing a rivet 
which has an outside head. The punch P is set against 

i9S 



Furnace bearers. 

the head of the rivet and is hit several hard blows with 
the sledge hammer. The head R will thus be removed 
by a failure of both shear and bending. The tit T of the 
punch is now entered upon the rivet and the rivet punched 
out of place. A rivet like the one in Fig. 164 is removed 



.A 



> 




Figure 165 
Fastening furnace bearers 



lite Dcrry Cullard 



by applying the punch P as indicated. In this case the 
rivet is punched directly through the sheet. 

There are other cases of bad rivets besides those 
mentioned. If the rivet is machine driven and if the 
boiler has not been raised to the proper height, a rivet 
will be driven with the head out of the center of the rivet. 
This can readily be seen on the boiler on account of the 
uniform pitch as the eccentricity of the head makes the 
pitch unequal. 

Many boilers are supported upon the frame by means 
of "furnace bearers." These are frequently attached to 

196 



Stay bolts. 

the side sheet by studs and on account of the excessive 
weight of the boiler, filled with water, the studs are tapped 
into both the sides sheet and the liner. These studs 
are placed at the diagonal D, D, Fig. 165, joining the stay 
bolts. The liner L is held in place by several bolts B and 
the sheet is reamed and tapped for the stay bolt S. After 
several of these holes have been tapped and the stay bolts 
are screwed into place, one after the other of the bolts 
P are taken out, and these holes reamed out and tapped 
and stay bolts screwed into place. In this manner, all 
the bolts are removed and stay bolts screwed into their 




Figure 166 
Staybolt just put in place. 



places. The liner L is thus bolted firmly in place. The 
studs for supporting the furnace bearer have a taper tap 
and are screwed into the boiler so as to make a steam 
tight fit. 

Fig. 166 illustrates a stay bolt which has just been 
197 



Crow feet and T irons. 

screwed into place and which has not yet been cut off. 
They are frequently nicked by hand at T and then the 
head H is knocked off with a hammer. The nicking is 
done by two persons, one holding a chisel and the other 
striking. After they have been cut off, either by hand 
or some style of machine, the stay bolt is riveted over by 
hand, after which the safety holes are drilled. 

The crow feet, the T irons, etc., to which the stay 
rods are attached, are all riveted into place before the 
boiler is assembled. The bolts of the stay rods having 
been put into place, the rod is swung into position and 
the holes for the foot are scribed off from the sheet. 
These holes are drilled and the rivets are driven by hand. 
The crown stays are made after several different designs 
but are usually arranged with three rows on each side 
of the top center line and have either a solid head or else 
have nuts screwed into them on the fire box side of the 
bolt. They usually have copper washers between the nut 
and the sheet. These crown stays are screwed into 
place, nicked on the outside, broken off and riveted over. 




198 



Boiler Details. 




It has been deemed advisable to gather the many 
fixtures, connections and detail parts together into one 
chapter. These details have been grouped under their 
special heads and will be treated separately. 
Stay Bolts. 

By far the most important detail of the boiler is the 
stay bolt. The kind of material, the design of the bolt and 




Figure 167 
A common form of stay bolt. 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



the manner in which it is treated are all important items. 
In Fig. 167 we have a common form of stay bolt which is 
frequently used for staying the narrow portion of the 
water legs. The standard thread for these stay bolts 
among nearly all railroads is twelve to the inch. This 
gives a thread which is strong enough to resist shearing, 

199 



Stay bolts break near sheet. 

and yet one which is not so coarse as to greatly reduce the 
area at the root of the thread. The square portion H is 
upset in the bolt machine for screwing it into place. In 
manufacturing establishments these bolts are made in 
large quantities varying in length by half inches for 
short ones, or by inches or two inches for long bolts. 

Fig. 1 68 shows a stay bolt which is very commonly 
seen on a locomotive boiler, T being the outside and S the 




The Berry Collard Go. 



Stay bolt with drilled ends. 



inside sheet. The bolt has been riveted over as indicated 
and the hole H drilled from the outside, deep enough to 
pass the point W, where the threads end. The bolt is 
either turned down or cut on a portion of the bolt 
upset from a bar of the diameter B. 

These stay bolts usually break close to the outside 
sheet. This is due to the fact that the outside sheet is 
always cool and the inside sheet, especially when the fire 

200 



Flexible stay bolts. 

becomes very hot, expands considerably. This carries 
one end of the stay bolt up higher than its normal posi- 




One plan of flexible stay bolt. 



tion. The outside sheet being very thick, the end of the 
stay bolt is fixed and there is a severe bending action 
at W, which finally ends in a rupture. This occurs most 
frequently along the stay bolts on the top of ti_ side 
sheet and for this reason boilers are now often built with 
a line of flexible stays at this point. 

A number of flexible stays have been invented from 
time to time, some of them being satisfactory and others 
proving a failure. One method for making a stay bolt 
flexible can be seen by referring to Fig. 169. This repre- 
sents, an ordinary stay bolt with slots S milled clear 
through and at right angles to each other. The idea 
being to remove the metal in the center and instead of 
having one solid bolt of a diameter D, which would be 
very stiff, we have four individual sections, which is more 
flexible. Such a bolt has been used, its chief drawback 
being that it is rather expensive. Neither does it re- 

201 



Flexible stay bolts. 

sist the torsional strain of screwing into place as well as 
a solid bolt. 

A flexible stay with a joint at one end is illustrated 
in Fig. 170, B is a brass fitting with a taper thread and is 




U 



Figure 170 



Flexible stay bolt. 




The Derry Cvllard Co. 



screwed tightly into the boiler by means of a plug with 
a hexagon head. The plug is screwed into the inside and 




The Derry Collard Co. 

Still another form of flexible stay bolt. 

has a shoulder that comes against the outside and drives 
the fitting into place. The plug is readily backed out 

202 



Flexible stay bolts. 

after the fitting has been screwed into place. The portion 
marked C is made of a good quality of wrought iron and 
is screwed in by means of a square recess in the head. The 
bolt is then cut off on the fire box end and riveted over 
as usual. The joint would not be steam tight, therefore 
a plug P is screwed tightly into the fitting. 

B, Fig. 171, is a stay bolt with a ball joint. This bolt 
is patented and is placed on the market in lengths to suit 
the various requirements and is put into place in the 
following manner. The threads at S and T are the same 
pitch. The head of the bolt H is turned and is entered 




Figure 172 
Flexible stay bolt in place. 




from the outside into the fire box. H is then caught with 
a wrench and while one man turns the wrench another 
pushes the bolt in until the thread is caught at T. When 
the thread at S begins to enter the sheet, the fitting is 
turned by means of the hexagon on it and then by turn- 



203 



Flexible stay bolts. 

ing S the same as H, both are threaded in together. 
When S becomes tight, the bolt is in place. Then it re- 
mains to be nicked, broken off, and riveted over as usual. 
The part S is spun, by the makers, over the ball and nu- 
merous tests have shown that the body of the bolt has 
given way before S, has opened up. 

A bolt, Fig. 172, is shown all riveted up into place. 
Fig. 173 illustrates a wrench that is used in putting the 
fitting, Fig. 170, into place. A is entered into the inside 



I 



il'jiji; 


1 



«o 



Figure 173 







o 



Figure 174 




Figure J75 ^* Derry Collard Co. 

Tools for flexible stay bolts. 



tap and then the nut is brought down on the face of the 
fitting and the fitting screwed into place by the handle H. 
Fig. 174 represents a solid wrench for the same pur- 
pose. Fig. 175 shows the wrench that is used for putting 
in the stay bolt and the plug. The small end A is used 
for the former and the end B for the latter. 

204 



Crown stays. 




Figure 176 
A common, form of crown stay. 



The Derry OoUard Oo. 



Crown Stays, 



Many of the crown stays on the locomotive boiler 
are similar to the illustration Fig. 176. They are entered 
exactly the same as the stay bolt, and are cut off inside, 
and outside if necessary, and riveted over. These rods 
rarely break as they are long and, being near the center 
of the boiler, the expansion is more or less neutralized. 
Of course this is by no means the best crown stay and 
would perhaps rarely be used if it were not owing to the 
fact that few of the crown stays on a locomotive boiler, 
see Plate 2, are radial. When these crown stays are at 
right angles to the crown sheet, they are invariably made 
with solid head, as in Fig. 177. 

This crown stay can only be used when it is placed 



COPPER WASHER 

7 




The Derry Collant Co. 



Another crown stay. 
205 



Stay bolt with nut. 

at right angles to the crown sheet, as the threads are 
straight. A copper washer C is placed between it and 
the sheet and when it is screwed tight into place it acts as 
a gasket to keep the joints steam tight. The square head 
H is used for screwing the bolt into place. 

Sometimes a stay bolt is allowed to pass through for 
some distance and receive a nut, Fig. 178, instead of 
being riveted over in the fire box, like Fig. 176. A 
copper washer between the nut and the sheet serves to 




COPPER WASHER 



DIA. 



RIVET OVER END 

Figure 178 
Crown stay with nut and washer. 



■ST ' STECL NUT 
^ 1%'OVER FLATS 
The Derry Collard Co. 



make the joint tight while the end of the stay bolt is 
riveted over against the nut, after the nut has been driven 
into place. Usually the two rows in front of crown stays 
are made flexible. One style is shown in Fig. 179, the 
idea being to allow the crown sheet to bend up as the tube 
sheet expands. As this tube sheet is usually straight, 
the expansion is a thrust against the crown stays and if 

206 



Sling stays. 

these stays were solid, the crown sheet would be bent 
down immediately back of the tube sheet. This bending 
action would open up the seam and cause it to leak at 
this point. If we have a sling stay, however, Fig. 179, 
the crown is not prevented from rising and this defect is 
done away with. 

Fig. 180 represents a detail of one of these sling 
stays. The lower portion is secured to the crown sheet 
by tapping E into the sheet and then screwing the nut 
in against a copper gasket C. A similar piece is screwed 




Tho Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 179 
Sling stays in place. 



in at F, and in this case is riveted over on the outside. B 
is a reamed bolt so as to make a snug fit. The straps L 
have elongated holes on the top to allow for expansion. 
This style of sling stay is frequently used over a great 
part of the crown. Where the stays are not radial to the 

207 



Sling stay details. 



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msm 



t. 



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Figure 180 
One form of sling stay. 



The Berry Collar* Co. 



crown sheet, they must be riveted over inside instead of 
having a nut as indicated. 

Fig. 181 shows another style of sling stay. It con- 
sists of two T irons, one on top A and the other B, 
placed a distance above the crown sheet so as to admit 
of a free circulation of water. The bolts H are drawn 
up tight against the ferrules T. The bolts are made of 
steel and are turned to the exact size from hexagonal 
stock, on a screw machine. The holes to receive the 
bolts are reamed. 

208 



K- 



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T'D. STEEL BOLTS 




\y^ HEAVY XX PIPE 
FOR THIMBLES 



Figure 181 
Another form ot sling stay. 



209 



Crown bars. 




m^>\^^^^^ 



Figure 182. 



Crown Bars. 



The crown sheet in many boilers is 

supported by bars which extend across 

the sheet and are" attached with bolts at 

numerous points and transmit the load 

either to the end of the bars and from thence to the side 

sheet or else to links and from these to the outside crown 

sheet. 

Fig. 182 represents a crown bar which is supported 
by the side sheet. The bars B are placed in pairs and the 
bolts S are supported between them. The total load of 
the crown sheet is transmitted through this crown bar B 
to the ends E, which are turned down as indicated. The 
points E are allowed to bear only on the edge of the 
side sheets. 

A cross section of a pair of these bars is shown in 
Fig. 183. The bars B are made of wrought iron about 
24 of an inch in width and five or six inches in height. 
They are cut off by a cold saw and then forged to suit 
the shape of a sheet iron templet the same as B in 
Fig. 182. The exact size of the material of these crown 
bars must be obtained from the length of the bars, the 
load upon it, and method of supporting the load. S is the 
crown bar bolt with a head H, which hooks over and 



210 



Crown bar bolts. 



keeps the pair of bars in place. F is a ferrule tapered off 
at the lower end so as to keep the crown sheet from 
burning, and also to admit of a better circulation of 
water. The bolt passes through the sheet and is screwed in 
place by a nut. W is a copper washer to make the joint 
tight. The bolt is riveted over on the outside of the nut. 
Another arrangement of the bolt is indicated in Fig. 



f 


1 *s 


n 


^ 




Figure 183 



Crown bars and bolts. 



Berry Collard Co. 

Figure 184 



184. In case the head of the bolt is on the fire box side, 
it is grooved out at G so as to make a better joint between 
the head and the copper washer W. C is a clip, which 

211 



Crown bars. 

serves to keep the pair of bars in place. In large manu- 
facturing concerns these clips are made to standard size 
and are forged under the drop hammer. In Fig. 185 is 
seen another style of crown bar. T is a T iron bent to 
conform to the curvature of the crown sheet. The stay 
bolts are all placed at right angles to the sheet. The 2]/ 2 




Figure 185- 
Another type of crown bar. 



The.Derry Collard Co. 



inch distance between the crown sheet and the T iron is 
obtained by the use of ferrules F, which are made of 



-fe 



Jt$1#: 



I 34THICK i \ X 



Figure 186 
Crown bar link. 




The Derry Collard Co. 



extra heavy pipe. The holes H are intended to receive 
links, through which the load is transmitted to the T iron 
on the outside crown sheet. In Fig. 186 is shown one of 
these links. They are made of one-half by three-inch 



212 



Crown bars. 

wrought iron. The ends are sheared off round from 
stock which has been cut to the proper length. Some- 
times the straps are heated and the ends cut round under 
the hammer. The bolts B are similar in construction to 
the one referred to in Fig. 184. 

In Fig. 187 C is the T iron which is shaped to fit the 
outside crown sheet. It is cut off to the length L, either 



A T iron crown bar. 

by a cold saw or else nicked and broken off. R is the in- 
ner radius of the outside crown sheet. This T iron is 
riveted to the outside crown sheet with a sufficient num- 
ber of rivets to withstand the pull from the links. The 
holes are drilled to suit the links and reamed to fit the 
bolts. The T irons for the crown bar stays are especially 
rolled for that purpose and are made extra heavy in order 
to withstand the stress brought upon them. In Fig. 
188 is a very heavy section and one which is largely 
used for heavy boiler work. Fig. 189 represents a much 
lighter section and is used for cases where the load is not 
so severe. Two other sections, Fig. 190 and 191, are il- 
lustrated for still lighter work. These sections are sold 
in the open market and are very generally used by rail- 
roads and boiler manufacturers. 

213 



Throat stays. 



V-m^ 




The Derry Collard Co. 



Sections of T iron used for crown bars. 



Throat Stays, 



There are many varieties of stays used for the throat 
sheet. Fig. 192 is a style where R is a regular stay rod 
and F is a regular foot. B is a stay bolt which is either 
tapped into the sheet with a square end in the fire box 
side or else it is entered into the sheet with a copper 
washer between the head and the sheet. This bolt is 

214 




Throat stay with triangular foot. 




215 



A A 



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£ 



i 

Figure 194 



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ife 



I 

Similar to Fig. 193, except rivet in place of bolt. 

1 



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WW/W//B 

: 1 



Tht Darry-Colla'd Co. 




Still another form of stay 



The Derry Collard Co. 



2l6 



Throat stays. 

drawn tight against a piece of extra strong hydraulic 
pipe P, allowing a free circulation of water around the 
stay rod support. When the connections for the throat 
stay are somewhat lower than in the illustration, the style 
of stay.. Fig. 193, can be used. S represents the stay rod 
which is a flat bar of iron and has a head H at one end. 
They are made under the steam hammer out of round 
stock of the diameter at H and drawn down to the re- 
quired length. When these rods are long they are welded 
to straps in order to save time in drawing them out. The 
stay bolt B is a regular stay and tapped through the back 
tube sheet and into the head H. The bolt is then riveted 
over on the inside in the same manner as the other stay 
bolts. The rivets R are countersunk on the inside to 
clear the throat stay. Sometimes this style of stay rod 
would be too near together along the line of the throat 
stays and the circulation be interfered with. For this 
reason a throat stay like that seen in Fig. 194 is used. 
This is a common form of stay rod with a solid foot 
welded on one end. The rod S is twisted so as to bring 
the foot F lower at right angles to the other part of the 
rod. The foot takes two rivets R, one on each side. The 
rivet is entered into place and headed upon the inside by 
hand, the pipe P serving as a distance piece. 

When the line of the throat stays is made somewhat 
higher than this illustration, the style shown in Fig. 195 
may be used. The foot F is a drop forging or is drawn 
out from the bar. The stay rod R is tapped into the 
sheet and into this foot. C is a copper washer. It is also 
seen that the rivet heads in the throat seam are counter- 
sunk as they always should be, whenever the clearance is 
small, as mud collects quickly around these heads and 
soon interferes with the circulation. 

217 




Y 

The Derry-Collard Co, 



Figure ig6 
Long and short throat stays. 



CROWN SHEET 




Tht Derry CoUard C: 



Figure 197 
Stay for back heads. 



2TR 



Stay rods. 

In Fig. 196 we have a series of long and short throat 
stays. They are staggered and riveted into the front 
tube sheet. A ring R is forged on the end of the rod or 
else the rod is upset to this amount. It is entered into the 
drilled hole on the tube sheet and is riveted over against 
the countersink as indicated. The holes for the foot F 
are scribed from the boiler and then drilled to suit these 
marks. Fig. 197 shows a style of stay bolt that is used for 
staying the back head to the back fire box sheet. It is 
screwed in as a regular stay bolt and then the nuts screwed 
up against copper washers, both in the fire box and the 
outside. 



Stay Rods. 



The Wootten boiler, Plate I, shows several stay rods 
similar in construction to Fig. 198. R is the stay rod 
proper and F is the foot. These rods are welded to- 
gether at W, in lengths from ten to twelve inches. They 
are then pieced out to suit the required distance for the 
various boilers. The foot is jigged for the drilling of the 
two holes H. This foot is riveted to the side and end of 
the boiler, and the rod H is secured to the sheet by two 
or three rivets. When it is desired to have the rod at 
right angles to the holes here shown, a style represented 
by Fig. 199 is used. The holes H are closer together so- 
as to reduce the bending on the foot when the rod R is in 
tension. These are made in the same way as Fig. 198 
and in manufacturing concerns are made to a standard 
size. 

The most common form of stay rod, and one which 
is figured up complete for this size, is illustrated in Fig. 
200. The end A is a drop forging and has a part of the 

219 



Making stay rods. 

rod R attached to it. The exact length of the rod is ob- 
tained from the boiler, and R is then welded up to suit 
this length. The end A is reduced in thickness at the 
second rivet. This is done to give uniform strength 
through the rivets. The end B is forked so as to receive 
a crow foot T iron or some other means of connection. 
This forked end is welded to the rod R and the hole H 
is drilled from the solid. 




The Dcrry-Collard Co. 



In Fig. 201 we have a style of stay rod which is used 
to some extent.- The end A is forged similar to the rod 
just referred to, while the end B is welded to the rod R 
as indicated. B is either welded to the rod as shown or 
at right angles to it, although there are cases where the 
end B is set at an angle to either one of these positions. 
In this case the rod is heated at one place, taken to the 



Stay rod feet. 

boiler, held up in position and twisted so as to fit snugly 
in place. 

On some boilers we find the front and back tube 
sheets staved to each other by long stay rods similar to 
Fig. 202. They are tapped into the front and the back 
tube sheet and have nuts clamped up against washers as 
indicated. The rod is then riveted over the head of the 
nut. The bar is upset on the end for the thread so that 
the diaineter D is about the same as the root of the 
thread. 




Figure 159 



The Derry Collard Co. 



Another stay rod. 

Stay Rod Feet. 

Many of the stayed plates are supported by the style 
of stay rod indicated in Fig. 200. The end B may take 
any number of feet, depending upon the size of the area 
of the surface to be stayed. These feet have two or more 
bolts. A two bolt foot is represented in Fig. 203. The 
holes H are drilled with jigs and the hole K is drilled 
from the solid. The width B is made to suit the stay rod 
and as far as possible is kept to a standard figure. Fig. 



221 




Tke Derry-Collard Co. 



Figure 200 



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L 



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1 1 

Derry-Collard Co. 




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"Figure 202 
Different styles of stay rods. 




The Derry-Collard Co, 



222 



Stay rod feet. 

204 illustrates this same style of foot which is convenient 
for a stay rod at right angles to the style, Fig. 202. 

Fig. 205 represents a crow foot which takes three 
holes H for rivets. They can be thrown around at any 




Two bolt foot. 



Figure 204 
Two bolt foot. 



angle but are usually placed in such a position that the 
rod can be swung out radially against the side of the 
boiler. For convenience in staying, these crow feet are 




Figure 205 

The Derry Collari G*, 

Crow foot 




The Derry ColUxrd Co. 
Figure 206 

Crow foot. 



made with the part D for the stay rod, turned around 
at right angles, see Fig. 206. The other end of the stay 
rod A, Fig. 200, is frequently terminated in a foot like 

223 



Stay rod feet. 

Fig. 207. In this case the two ends of the. stay rod are 
jaws of the same size and shape. This foot takes two or 
three rivets, depending upon the size of the stay rod, and 
the section of this foot is frequently made larger at the 
end nearest the rod. This foot makes a good substantial 
job. Tn Fig. 208 is a style of foot which was very largely 
used a few years ago and is still used to some extent, 
owing to its cheapness. It is made of bar iron, given a 



o 



o 



zr 



o 




The Derry Collard Co, 

Figure 207 
Another foot. 




Figure 208 



A cheap form of foot. 



twist at T and set up so as to be straight along the lower 
line L. The trouble with this foot is that if a force F 
pulls upon it, it will bend at the first rivet, and then we 
have a loose stay rod at the outset. 

Fire Box Details. 

On all locomotive fire boxes which extend down be- 
tween the frame, some form of furnace bearer must be 
employed to support the rear end of the boiler. The 



224 



Fire box details. 

boiler is bolted rigidly to the cylinder at the front and 
as it expands when heated some provision must be made 
on this furnace bearer for taking care of this movement. 
Fig. 209 represents the general arrangement of such a 
furnace bearer. F is the locomotive frame, B is the 
furnace bearer, C is the furnace bearer clamp, G is a fill- 
ing in piece between the fire box and the frame and must 




Figure 209 
General arrangement of furnace bearer. 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



always be made to suit the variation in the width of the 
fire box for each locomotive. L is the liner which is in- 
tended to strengthen the sheet at this point. With this 
construction the boiler can readily slide back and forth on 
the frame. 

The furnace bearer is made of wrought iron plate 
and is always somewhat longer on the end A for match- 
ing. The stay bolt heads are chalked or given a dab of 

225 



The mud ring. 

white lead and the clamp is placed against these heads in 
its proper position. The marks on the back of the plate 
show the location of the stay bolt heads. W is then put 
under a drill press and each one of these places is counter 
sunk. It is now tried to the boiler and any places that 
do not fit up are noted, countersunk and fixed to suit. 
Then the holes in the studs are drilled, and the end is 
planed off to suit the clamp. The clamp is fitted in the 
same way. The office of the clamp is to keep the boiler 
from jumping up and down between the frames. Any 
other style of furnace bearer, whether of wrought iron, 
cast iron or steel, is fitted in much the same way. 

The mud ring is rightly named for it is here that the 
mud settles. On this account we find the arrangement 
shown in Fig. 210 used by a number of railroads. The 
pipes P have a series of holes drilled along the lower line 
and are coupled up as shown to blow off cocks C and D. 
When the water cocks are open, the pressure of the steam 
squeezes the water, mud, dirt, etc., through these holes 
and on through the pipe to the blow off cock. The studs 
are located bear the bottom of the water space and it is 
upon these that the clearing pipes rest. The studs have 
a tapered top near the head and are screwed through 
the outside sheet only. The pipes are entered through the 
holes H and are screwed together by means of alligator 
wrenches placed in the holes K. Ordinary corner plugs 
are then placed in the holes H and are only taken out in 
case the piping is required to be removed. 

Fig. 211 shows a very common arrangement of the 
locomotive grate. This style of grate is known 2s the 
finger bar and on account of its simplicity it lends itself 
to a much wider use than many other styles of grates. A 
and C are the end bars and are provided with an extra 

226 



^s^ 




: J Fl 



Z Q 



111 



n 



? 



2.2.7 



Grate bars. 

number of fingers as indicated. All the remainder of the 
bars have staggered fingers and are exactly alike. In 
this grate, the bar C comes over the axle and as the 
ash pan must encircle the axle, the arm for rocking this 
bar will not clear the pan. For this reason this bar has 
a square trunnion and has no rocking motion whatever. 
D is the drop plate, which is operated through a link and 
a rock shaft, and finally a handle T. The handle H can 
be raised out of the slot and by throwing it back and 
forth the bars are rocked. When the handle is dropped 
the bars are held in the central position. The side 
frames for grate are supported on studs S. All bars 
and the drop plate are made of cast iron. All the shifter 
rods, links, shafts, handles, etc., are forged from 
wrought iron. 

There are as many different styles of grate bars and 
methods of supporting them as there are different kinds 
of locomotives. The grate which has just been described 
is one of the most satisfactory for general use. The air 
space is larger in this style than in almost any other. In 
Wootten boilers the grate bars frequently extend the 
whole length of the fire box and have water tubes be- 
tween the grate bars. These bars extend on through the 
rear end of the boiler and are rocked by handles at the 
rear end. Some railroads have a drop plate at each end 
of the grate and others have a drop plate in the center. 
Still other grates have neither and depend entirely upon 
the rocking of the bars to break up the clinkers and to 
clear the fire. 

Fig. 212 represents a wood burning grate. In order 
to make such a grate satisfactory, several things must be 
borne in mind. In the first place, a wood fire, unlike one 
of coal, has free passage for air and on this account does 

228 




229 



'A\WAVWSSSS\W\^WW%*.WVAV 



Zfc 



<m- 



a 



im 




•-.nvKsnyS: \\s\ViS35 



»i}>»»>t»»)»)»>»irv»m 



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Si 



as 



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ill 



uuuuuumuiuuiaH 



230 



Grate for wood. 

not need to have nearly as large a percentage of air space. 
This figure shows a half plan view of a grate and it will 
be noted that the air passage covers only a small portion 
of the entire grate. The bars B are blank for a distance 




Tke DerryCollaTd Co. 



Figure 212 
Grate for wood burning. 




Z on the front, and Y in the rear end, and then we have a 
bar D for a distance X without any holes in it. These 
dead bars fit snugly against the fire box sheet and are 
usually seated with clay. The idea is to make all the air 

231 



Mud ring bolts. 

come in through the thickest part of the fire, instead of 
having an enormous rush of cold air up along the side of 
the sheets and through the tubes, which would cool the 
boiler instead of heating it. These bars are supported by 
cast iron knees E, which are bolted up against the bottom 
of the mud ring. 

There is scarcely a boiler with two or three studs to 
support the grate side frame, which does not leak around 
them. For this reason, various methods of supporting 




Figure 214 
A cheap mud ring bolt. 



the grate have been used, most of which are arranged 
so that the bolt will pass through the water space frame. 

Fig. 213 shows one of these bolts. They are turned 
out on the screw machine from stock of a diameter of 
the countersunk head and are threaded so as to be 
screwed clear through the frame. After being screwed 
tightly into place they are cut off on the outside and 
riveted over. 

A much cheaper style of bolt is represented by Fig. 
214. This is entered into place and is headed up on the 

232 



Fire doors. 

outside, while the bolt is hot. It is open to the objection, 
however, of gradually working loose after a load W 
shakes and bumps around on it. 

Fig. 215 illustrates a better construction, but like 
most good things is more expensive. This bolt is all 
made in the screw machine, except the portion C which 
has a taper thread. These bolts are central and the 
threads cut in an engine lathe. It is tapped so as to 




The Derry-Collard Co. 



Figure 215 £ 
A better but more expensive plan. 



screw in snugly. A is a patch bolt which is screwed into 
the frame and riveted over in the same way as the bolts 
around the corner of the water space frame. 

The fire doors of most locomotive boilers are made 
of cast iron with deflecting plates on the inside, supported 
by studs to prevent undue heating of the fire door. 
These studs must be countersunk to clear the heads of 
the stay bolts and are chipped to fit snugly against the 
head of the boiler. The door is held to the boiler by studs 

233 



Steam connections. 

which are tapped into the back head and fit a taper tap. 
They are provided with some style of damper for admit- 
ting a flow of air and are frequently arranged with a 
handle that can drop into several notches to allow 
the door to stand open to some extent and thus check the 
draft. The latch is placed on the right hand side of the 
door. 

Steam Connections. - 

The dome of a locomotive boiler is intended prima- 
rily as a place from which dry steam can be obtained. In 
a boiler where water is evaporated so rapidly, some water 
is always carried along with the steam. The dome is 
some distance above the water and gives the steam some 
chance to be separated from it. 

Fig. 216 shows a dome complete. F is the flange, 
B the body, and R the ring, all of which are made of 
steel plates. C is the dome cap and is made either of cast 
iron or steel, depending upon the size and conditions. S 
is the safety valve. These valves are entered into the 
cap and the fitting is riveted over on the inside. Three 
bosses are provided for safety valves. Two of the valves 
are frequently pop valves and the third one is provided 
with a lever. They are usually set to blow off at slightly 
different pressures and a little above working boiler pres- 
sure. The cap C is turned off on the bottom and is 
entered into the dome ring by a flange T. A groove is 
cut around at J into which a copper wire gasket is laid. 

Fig. 217 is a dome taken from a Wootten boiler, and 
on account of the limit in height, the dome is very low; 
this is a 30-inch dome and is figured up completely show- 
ing the cut out which is necessary for the throttle. This 

234 



Domes. 

cut out should be made as small as possible in order to 
give more strength to the sheet. It is frequently very 
much out of the center of the dome. 

The old style of throttle, which admitted steam both 




Figure 216 
A complete dome. 



on the top and the bottom, is being replaced by some form 
of throttle which admits steam from the highest and of 
course the dryest portion of the dome. A good example 
of one of these throttles is seen in Fig. 217A. This is 



235 



Domes. 

known as the "Rushton" type of throttle. The steam 
enters the throttle at S x and S 2 , the latter coming through 
the center of the valve at V. The valve is raised with a 
bell crank by the rod R, which extends on through to the 
throttle lever. The pressure, which tends to keep this 
valve closed, is exerted on the difference of the areas in 
the upper and the lower opening and this is greatest when 
the valve is closed. For this reason a pin P ± near the 




°fef -<^— -— TT^mE-L, ~T ^^ a 



Figure 217 
A low dome from a Wooten boiler. 



The Berry- Collar d Co. 



fulcrum, first comes into operation and on account of the 
short arm, the valve is readily raised. After it has ad- 
vanced a certain distance, the pin P 2 comes into play and 
the valve is opened more rapidly. H is the lug for 
bolting on the dry pipe. L takes a cross brace which is 
supported to the side of the dome. The pipe Y is altered 
to suit the various heights. 

236 




The Deny Collard Co. 



Figure 917 A 
The "Rushton" type of throttle. 



237 



Brace for throttle. 

Fig. 218 shows the method for supporting the throt- 
tle pipe. The brace B is bolted to the pipe at H and riv- 
eted to the dome at K. It is necessary that this bracket 
be well fitted up as the total weight of the throttle and 




Figure 218 
Supporting throttle. 



dry pipe is apt to come upon it. The dry pipe is sup- 
ported in several places by bands as indicated by Fig. 219. 
They are made of wrought iron about }i by 2 inches and 
are riveted to the boiler at R. 

The height of the dome above the water is usually 

238 



Dry pipes and dash plates. 

sufficient to prevent the slop and splash from the boiler, 
but in large boilers, especially the Wootten and Belpaire 
types, dash plates must be provided to break or check the 
iiow of water in stopping and starting the engine. One 










— 


— 











Figure 219 
Dry pipe support. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



of these plates is shown in Fig. 220. They are made of 
regular boiler plate % or y 2 inch thick, depending upon 




77/ e Derry-Collard Co. 



A dash plate to keep water out of dome. 



the width and length, and are supported by angle irons 
riveted to the side of the boiler by rivets R. 

The connection between the throttle pipe and the 
dry pipe is made by means of a ball joint of a radius R, 
Tig. 221. The curve is turned on the throttle pipe with 

239 



Throttle pipe connection. 



a forming tool and is cut out of the dry pipe by a ball or 
rose reamer. A strap bolt B holds the dry pipe to the 
throttle by means of keys K. The hole H is rough cored, 
C is made of cast iron and W of wrought iron or copper. 
On account of the expense of copper pipe, the cast iron 
piece C is frequently made very long and then is joined 
to the front end by a small piece of copper pipe. The 
connection made between the two is made by means of a 
copper pipe D and wrought iron rings E. The rings are 



^ffi* 



m„,.L ^, . r 



2 




TTigure 221 TfinDv&g CcUanL Co} 

Connection between dry and throttle pipes. 



shrunk on and the copper is calked underneath it, so as to 
make the joint steam tight. Of course, there are other 
ways of making this joint but this is shown as it repre- 
sents the usual form. 

Fig 222 shows the connection at the front end of 
the dry pipe, T is the front tube sheet and R is the front 
tube sheet ring, C is the cast iron ball connection which 
has a ball joint with a radius A in the tube sheet and 
another joint with the radius B for the steam pipe elbow. 
The piece C is finished all over and is bored out at E, to 



240 



Dry and steam pipes. 

take a copper ring and also bored out at F to make a snug 
fit with the dry pipe W. After the pipe has been entered 

.through C to the prop- 
er distance, the ring 
E is calked so as to 
make a steam tight 
joint. 

The dry pipe must 
all be put together 
outside of the boiler. 
Forthis reason the end 
of C, Fig. 221, is 
dropped down as in- 
dicated in order to 
bring the circular sec- 
tion of the throttle 
pipe close to the cen- 
ter line of the dry 

Front end of dry pipe. pipe. This is neceS- 

sary in order that the 
whole thing will enter the hole in the front tube sheet. 
The elbow for the steam pipe is represented in Fig. 223. 




The Berry Collard Co. 




The Derry Collard Co. 
Elbow for steam pipe. 



The ball joint for the dry pipe is indicated by A, while the 
ball joint at B receives the cast iron steam pipe that leads 



241 



Steam pipes. 

to the cylinder. On account of the peculiar construction 
of the steam pipe, this pattern is very expensive and in or- 
der to avoid the necessity of making new patterns, this 
elbow is altered and the distance E between the dry pipe 
center and the steam pipe center is changed. Sometimes 
the steam pipe center is above and other times below. The 




Figure 224 



Derry \ 



The steam pipe. 



limit above would be determined by clearance between the 
flange and the boiler sheet and the limit below is deter- 
mined by interference with the draft deflecting plate, etc. 
A steam pipe is represented in Fig. 224. B and B 
are ball joint connections. It is impossible to swing a dry 
pipe and turn this ball connection on the pipe and for 
this reason the pipe is bored out and reamed. Then the 

242 



Steam pipe connections. 

ball joint ring makes the connection between the pipe and 
the elbow on top and the pipe and the cylinder on the bot- 
tom. The connection to the cylinder is usually made on 
an angle as shown in this figure. Sometimes we find 
the connection made at right angles, Fig. 225, and again 
there are cases where in this connection the pipe is carried 
down and the cylinder cored out so that it comes below the 
boiler, as indicated in Fig. 226. The advantage of this 
connection consists in being more readily chipped and fit- 
ted to the boiler in the erecting shop. 

In Fig. 227, E illustrates a common form of exhaust 
pipe. The height L is usually determined by experience 




Figure 225 



Figure 226 
The Derry Collard Co. 



Steam pipe connections. 



as is also the nozzle N. It is the exhaust steam that 
creates draft in the boiler and the size of this nozzle de- 
termines the speed that the steam rushes out. For this 
reason several sized nozzles are sometimes furnished so 
as to meet the varied conditions of full load, speed, etc. 
The pipe is planed off on the bottom and is bolted on to 

243 



Exhaust nozzles. 

the cylinder. Sometimes a central rib divides the two 
sides of the exhaust and extends up very near the top 
but more frequently both sides of the exhaust enter di- 
rectly into a plain exhaust pipe. 

As it is necessary to have dry steam for the main cyl- 




The Derry Oollard Co. 

Figure 227 
Common form of exhaust nozzle. 



inder so it is also necessary to have dry steam for injec- 
tors, air pump, etc. Fig. 228 shows the general arrange- 
ment of the dry pipe for this purpose. It will be seen that 
it takes its steam from the high part of the dome and then 
passes out of the boiler through a ball joint connection D. 

244 



Riveted parts. 

The pipe is supported at several places by straps E. 
The connection from the injector steam valves to 
the injector and from thence to the injector check is fre- 
quently made of copper pipe. The tendency is toward 
iron pipe due to the expense of copper. The connections 
when well fitted up to the iron pipes seem to give satis- 
faction in everv wav. 



Riveted Parts. 

In Fig. 229 we see a lapped seam with three rows 
of rivets R, and staggered between these are three rows 





5-0 


O O 


O ; 














O O 


.__ _^ Q 


< 





O O 


O i 







O O 




R 


n n 


O O 











O O 


O O 


<p jcp 

1 











Figure 229 
Lapped seam. 



o 



o 



o 



The Derry Colla~d C«.\ 



of stay bolt. This is a style of seam which we fre- 
quently meet on the outside crown sheet, somewhere 
along the top sides. The seam is made wide at A, so as 
to admit of an extra row of bolts as shown. Care must 



246 



Butt seams. 



be taken in the laying out and machining of this sheet, on 
account of the rivet B which comes about on a line with 
the edge of the sheet. The sheet is bulged out at this 
point and for this reason we can order a sheet this much 
longer and then trim the metal away on the inside of the 
sheet. However, this allowance is not necessary as it is 
drawn out at this point, wedge shape so as to fit snugly 
to the sheet underneath. 












■1 


Br— i 


1" 


~" 


r 


Y 


■! 




\ 


T 


VI 


j( 


m 






15 ,6 RIVETS 1 "HOLES 






i I „, , ,. I ,.. I _J, L V~ 



-3V 2 - - »f«— 1-3I/2- -*^-3% . 



P^ Jr^-3-72— ^ — 3' 1 /' 



ivU_jmj_i-i-i_ r -i- J 4.^^iu<h 



% 



Figure 230 *»« ^eny CWfczrd Co. ^" 

Butt seam with welt. 



Fig. 230 illustrates a butt seam with outside and in- 
side welt strips. This style of seam is very common on 
locomotive boilers. This seam is not welded at W, and 
for this reason a stud S is placed in the seam between the 
outside sheet and the welt strip. The space between these 
sheets is only made wide enough to allow calking the 
sheet. The outside welt strip is always narrower than 
the inside and is alwavs thicker. This is not only correct 



247 



Steam connections. 

for strength, but for calking. A thin sheet with rivets 
as far apart as here indicated cannot be calked tight. 
Many of the connections for the injector check, blow 




o o o 



R 



o \o p o 

J liner>£thick 



\mm\\mm\\\^^^^^ 






mvv^m^mvMy 



M^ 



Figure 23 1 
Liner for steam connection. 



•JCKttfirvy Collard Co. 



off cocks, steam valves, etc., are required to be reinforced 
by a liner. Fig. 231 shows a liner for a steam connection 
inside of the cab. These liners are riveted to the boiler 
at R and S and serve a double purpose. They stiffen up 

248 



Strengthening sheets. 

the boiler for taps, etc., and compensate to a great extent 
for the metal which has been removed by the hole. The 
strengthening of the sheet is a thing which should never 
be lost sight of. 




Figuce 232 
Strengthening a cylindrical firebox. 



Fig. 232 illustrates such an example. This is a kind 
of a mud rins: that is used to support a cylindrical fire box. 
The shell of the boiler S, must resist the bursting strain. 
As the boiler is very large in diameter, at this section, the 

249 




The Derry-Collard Co. 



Figure 233 
Details of corner of water space. 



250 




M^fej " 




More details of water space corners. 



2*T 



Water space details. 

sheet is necessarily very thick. On account of the weight 
the stress is somewhat higher in this sheet than in any of 
the others. It is also seen that an elliptical hole is cut out 
of the sheet. The ring R must be riveted to the sheet in 





10 ^kA (Q 




DEVELOPMENT OUTSIDE OF CORNER 

Figure 235 
Large radius corner of water space. 



The Berry Cullard Co. 



such a way as to restore to the sheet the strength lost by 
cutting away the metal. This is done, first by a single 
row of rivets A, then being reinforced by a second row B 
on each side, giving the effect of a double riveted joint 
around the dangerous point of the sheet. 



252 



Water space details. 

Fig. 233 represents in detail the water space corner, 
which has been adopted and used for many years as a 
standard by one of the largest locomotive builders in this 
country. .. It shows a double riveted water space frame. 
The side seam is single riveted and when joining the 
rivets in the frame, the line of the outside sheet is carried 
out at D 2 so as to encircle the rivet R. The fire box sheet 
is swelled out in a similar manner at D, for another rivet. 
C is usually made a quarter of an inch so as to give a fair 
chance for calking. The side sheet notches in square at 
P 1 and the outside sheet is notched in at P 2 so as to allow 
the other sheet to lap over and thus form a continuous 
line. E x and E 2 are the first through rivets, all the other 
rivets in the corner are made either of patch bolts or else 
are studs screwed in, cut off and then riveted over. On 
account of the small radius on the inside, the rivet has a 
very small head and for this reason the tap extends 
through the sheet and into the ring. 

This style of corner is good from a manufacturing 
point of view, but unfortunately, as with all corners, leaks 
are apt to occur. Consequently, cornecs of larger radius 
are frequently specified instead of the sharp corners on 
the sheet at P x and P 2 . The sheets are scarfed. Fig. 
234 shows such a corner. 

It will be seen that the radius of the corner both in- 
side and outside is large and that we have a through bolt 
R in the corner with a liberal head on the inside. After 
the ring has been entered into the water space, the scarfed 
sheets do not fit as they are intended to. So the corner 
must be heated and the sheet driven against the frame to 
fit snugly all around. The through holes are then reamed 
out and tapped holes are drilled and tapped to suit. 

In Fig. 235 ■ we have a corner with a still larger 

253 



Water space details. 

radius. The through bolts R and R are riveted in place 
and have liberal countersunk heads on the inside. The 
through bolts, it will be noticed, are quite near the corner. 
The bolts S are studded between the others and are 
headed up as usual. Sometimes the patch bolts, Fig. 236, 
are used for the corner of the water space frame. They 
are screwed snugly into place and then the head riveted 
down tight. 

Although double riveted seams have been shown for 




-Figure 236. 

nxe Percy Govuxti c& 

A patch bolt. 

the water space frame in the figures just referred to, 
single riveted seams are not at all uncommon and on 
small boilers are nearly always used. The objections to 
the single riveted frame is not that it is weak but that the 
seam is more difficult to get tight than the double riveted. 

254 




Fire door openings. 

255 



Fire doors. 

When once the seam is calked, a double riveted seam will 
stay tight much longer. 

The usual style for a fire door is illustrated in Fig. 
237. The rivets R are placed very close together as the 
bursting pressure here is very small, and on account of 
being spaced close together the seam can be calked so as 
to make a good tight job. These rivets are entered from 
the inside of the boiler and headed up on the outside by 
hand. 

Fig. 238 shows another style of fire door, which we 
find on a good many locomotives. The end of the sheet 
A is either made flush with B and then rounded off semi- 
circular on the outside and hammered against each other, 
or else A is made shorter than B and is calked against B, 
so as to form a tight seam. The rivets R, in this case, are 
through rivets and can be put in by machine, instead of 
being hand driven as in Fig. 237. 

The sheet T is usually 5 / 16 to }i of an inch thick but 
when it is flanged out as indicated, it becomes very thin 
at A. This is objectionable and for this reason we find 
fire doors like Fig. 239. The edge at A is made tight in 
exactly the same way as in Fig. 238. 

A different style of fire door is obtained by a ring 
B, Fig. 240. It is let into the sheet as indicated. The 
rivets R are driven by hand, while S can be driven by 
machine. The sheet at A is made }i of an inch less than 
B'for calking. The fire door ring is resorted to, although 
not as frequently as a few years ago. As very little 
strength is required in the sheet along the fire door, the 
rivets can be placed in a single row and spaced close to- 
gether. The ring projects in the inside for a short dis- 
tance so as to furnish a calking edge. 

256 



Smoke box details. 




Figure 241- A 
Arrangement of front end or smoke box. 



Smoke Box Details. 



It is next to impossible to get an even flow of gases 
through all the tubes of a locomotive boiler and for this 
reason all sorts of deflecting plates have been used. The 
one which perhaps answers the purpose as well as any and 
which is very generally used is illustrated in Fig. 241 -A. 
M is the stationary plate. It is made in two pieces which 
are joined on the center line of the boiler. The work of 
fitting these two pieces around the plates and along the 
side of the boiler is much reduced by having the sheets 
in two pieces. The piece is slipped in place and then a 
scriber is run along the edge, thus marking oft" a constant 
distance for offsets and so on. 

257 



Netting for spark arresters. 

The sheet is then taken out and the metal is sheared, 
drilled, or punched away to this line, after which the 
sheet is replaced and will fit snugly to the side of the 
boiler. The other side is fitted up in the same manner. 
A is an angle iron which supports the sheet on the sides. 




Figure 242 
Perforated netting used in smoke box. 



T?ie Deny Collavd Oi 



O is the slide which has an adjustment up and down 
about half its width and must be cut off on the sides so 
as to clear the boiler in its lowest position. 

258 






'r8j 


JL. 


1 Jti- 


r 

I 




'liii 




'iLli 






The Derry Collard Co. 



Front end details. 

The netting is also shown in this figure. It is held 
to the sides by angle irons and is hinged in front at N. 
This hinge can be dropped down and everything cleared 
out from the front. R must be such that the door will 
clear all around. C is a cleaning hole and S is a cinder 
pocket. The size of the netting which is used in the 
smoke box depends upon the kind of material and the 




Figure 244 
Front end of boiler. 



Hit Derry-Collard Co. 



conditions surrounding the railroad where the boiler is 
to be used, such as fuel and country run through. 

Sometimes the netting is made of wire which is 
woven into square meshes, two, three or four to the inch, 
but frequently they are made of perforated plates and 
then the holes are punched like some one of the styles 
shown in Fig. 242. These plates can be shaped in any 
form and punched with a margin. But much the 

260 



Front end details. 

cheapest job, and one which is satisfactory in every way, 
consists in buying the sheets all punched and then trim- 
ming off to fit into place the same as netting. The pieces 
cut off can be used for patching in corners on the job. 
The cinder pocket is arranged in many different 




Figure 245 Figure 246 

Clamps for front end door. 



ways, either to be cleaned by hand or by a jet of steam, 
although the former is the more frequent. In Fig. 243, a 
cinder pocket T is shown. The slide fits in snugly all 
around so as not to admit any air, and for this reason the 
slide should always be planed. The cap C is bolted on 
and admits of a plain surface on the body and the cap. 
The upper part of the pocket is bolted to the boiler by 
studs. These holes must be vertical and the studs must 
be screwed into place. Then the hopper is entered over 
the studs and bolted up solid. The chipping strip should 
be chipped to fit the boiler. 

The front end of a locomotive boiler is shown in 
Fig. 244. A is a piece of boiler plate turned on its outer 

261 



Front end details. 

edge and bolted to the ring R which is faced off on the 
outside to receive it. B is the front door. This is 
flanged out spherical in shape and turned off so as to fit 
against the plate. The door is supported by strap hinges 
H and studs S. A lot of clamps C are used to keep the 
door tight against the front sheet. 

One of these clamps is shown at C, Fig. 245. They 
are made of drop forgings, and although they do not give 
a very good clamping effect they are very readily removed 
from the door. A quarter turn of the bolt T loosens the 
clamp and, the base being round, the clamp will swing 




Figure 247 
Smoke box front door. 




The Dtrry-Collard Co. 



out of place. A much better clamp is shown in Fig. 246. 
In order that a bolt may clamp properly the distance A 
should be large, which would bring the bolt very close to 
the door. If the difference between A and B is small, we 
get almost the whole effect of the bolt. Although this is 

262 



Front end details. 

a much better clamp than the one shown in Fig. 245, it is 
not so conveniently removed and put back into place. 

In Fig. 247 we have a smoke box front door which 
is being used quite a good deal in this country and which 
has been used for a number of years abroad. It is a much 
cheaper door to make in quantities than the one illus- 




Tlie Derry Vollard Co. 



Figure 248 
Smoke box brace. 



trated in Fig. 244, and much more readily opened and 
closed. The door D is flanged spherical with a small 
radius at E then turned off smooth, as is also the face of 
the ring R. B is a T head bolt which, when turned 

263 




Zk- 



j 



XT 



A 



Three forms of smoke stacks. 
264 



Smoke stacks. 

through 90 degrees, will pass through the wrought iron 
strap F. GG are filling in pieces for keeping these straps 
the proper distance apart and are bolted to the ring. N 
is a handle for clamping the door. The outside sheet 
must be tight at S and for this reason the ring is allowed 
to project y& of an inch and the sheet is calked. 

The smoke box brace, Fig. 248, is forged under the 
steam hammer and however well it may be shaped the 
foot F will not fit the boiler at the first trial. For this 
reason the foot is heated and the brace is brought to the 
boiler, held up in position and hammered back so as to 
fit up against the boiler all around. In Fig 249, a com- 
mon form of smoke stack is shown. The base B is square 
where it fits to the boiler and is flanged out to suit the 
stack. T is frequently made of copper, while the main 
part of the stack is made of sheet iron. This stack is a 
plain opening without any netting. Where sparks are 
objectionable the stack, Fig. 250, is used. N is a netting 
which is screwed to the flange sheets at G. C is a cast 
iron deflector. When the sparks come up through the 
stack they hit against C and are deflected and either go 
out of the stack slowly or else fly around the inside and 
gradually fall back into the smoke box. The base B is 
made of cast iron and is chipped to suit the boiler. Fig. 
251 illustrates a stack which is intended to keep all 
sparks from being thrown out. 

The base B is made of cast iron and is chipped and 
bolted to the boiler. The steam and sparks come up the 
pipe P, strike against C and are deflected by it. The 
sparks then have a chance to drop down on the inside of 
the pipe and collect in the hopper H from which they are 
removed through a hand hole A. N is a netting of a very 
fine mesh. 

265 



Boiler Fittings. 



The steam connection of the injectors is coupled to 
a steam valve S, Fig. 252. This steam valve is connected 
to the dry pipe D which leads to the dome. H is the 
handle for regulating the flow of steam. 

A check valve such as should be placed between in- 
jector and boiler is shown in Fig. 253. The flange F is 
made of brass and is riveted to the boiler as shown. It 
has a taper tap at T. P is a plug with a leather gasket un- 
derneath it and can be taken out to renew or for regrind- 
ing the valve. S is the pipe that leads from the injector. 

In order to regulate the flow of water to the injector, 
it is necessary to have a valve, Fig. 254, placed in the 
pipe. The handle H can be made of metal as this valve 
rarely gets hot. P and P are pipes whose inside diameter 
should be equal in cross sections to the pipe specified by 
the makers of the injector. 

A blower valve is represented in Fig. 255. As it is 
not necessary to have perfectly dry steam, it is tapped 
into the boiler with a taper thread at T. P is a blower 
pipe and H the handle for controlling the flow of steam. 

Fig. 256 represents a sectional view of one of these 
blower valves. The stem S has a screw on it as shown 
and the end being long, any slight eccentricity can be off- 
set by the spring. This style is made by numerous man- 
ufacturers and must be attached to the boiler by means of 
a pipe nipple. 

A whistle valve is seen in section in Fig. 257. This 
is one of the balanced type and does not require the dead 

260 




Figure 252 





The Dim 



The Dcrry-Collard Co. 




Figure 254 



T 
Figure 255 

Boiler fittings— stop and check valves. 
26 7 



Boiler fittings. 

pull on the end which is so frequent with unbalanced 
valves. 

Nearly all boilers are now fitted up with safety plugs 
in the crown sheet. They are made of composition which 
melts at a temperature somewhere around 500 degrees 
Fahrenheit. An outside type of one of these plugs is 




Figure 256 
Blower valve. 



Figure 257 
Whistle valve. 



seen in Fig. 258. T is a taper tap which taps directly in- 
to the sheet. M is the composition metal. The inner 
surface of this plug is tinned and the metal M is sweated 
in solid so that the core does not need to be calked to 
make it tight. 

Fig"- 259 represents an inside type. Hexagonal 
268 



Boiler fittings. 

heads are provided for screwing them into place. On 
account of the great accumulation of mud in the water 
space, several blow off cocks, Fig. 260, are usually speci- 
fied. The taper tap T enters either directly into the 
sheet or else is tapped into a flange which in turn is 
riveted to the boiler. The central portion is tapered at 



M 



1 



p 



Outside Type 
Figure 258 




The Iferry bollard Co. Inside Type 

Figure 259 
Fusible plugs. 



A and is ground in with powdered emery so as to have a 
perfect bearing. C is a core hole through the center and 
when the cock is turned at right angles to the position 
shown, a straight passage is opened for the steam through 
D. It is shown closed. 

When the water is very muddy and cleaning pipes 
are used, they are supported on studs S, as in Fig. 261. 
They have a tapered tap at T and the sheet is tapped so 
that the threads will be tight, just a little before the 
head touches the sheet. They are placed close to the bot- 
tom of the water space so as to draw as much of the mud 
as possible out of this space. 

Nearly all boilers are fitted up with glass gages, so as 
to show the level of the water, although on account of 
foaming and mud collecting on the glass they are not de- 

269 




Tfle Berry Cullard Co. 




Figure 260 



Figure 261 




N't 





WASTE COCK 
' The~Derry Collard Co. 

Figure 262 Figure 263 

Blow off cock — water glass and lubricator 



rhd Qerry CoUaH-Co\ 



270 



Boiler fittings. 

pended on as a sure indication of the height of the water. 
Three gage cocks are usually supplied, covering a range 
of a few inches, around which the water should be kept. 
A form of water tube is illustrated in Fig. 262. The fit- 



&± 





Figure 264 
Construction of whistle. 



tings top and bottom are screwed into the boiler by taper 
taps T. The nuts N are placed upon the tube and the tube 
made long enough to go between these fittings. These 
nuts have packing squeezed into them after which they 

271 



Boiler fittings. 

are screwed up into place. R are rods to protect the glass 
from accident. 

The modern tendency is to furnish a never failing 
supply of oil to the cylinders, and a number of lubricators 




Figure 265 
Throttle lever arrangement. 



==S- 



have been placed on the market for this purpose. In Fig. 
263, is shown a side and a section view of a Nathan lu- 
bricator. S is connected to a steam pipe. C and C lead 
to the cylinder. The handles regulate the flow of oil, 
which can be seen through the glass on each side. 

272 



Boiler fittings. 

Fig. 264 represents a whistle with a valve connec- 
tion all complete. This whistle is either screwed into the 
dome cap or is screwed into an elbow which runs into the 
side of the dome. V is the valve. M is the bell crank 
for operating the valve. B is the bell of whistle. , 

A common arrangement of throttle lever is illustrated 
in Fig. 265. The rod R passes through a stuffing box 
in the back head, and extends on through and connects 
to the bell crank of the throttle by means of the jaw J. 
S has a taper tap and forms a support for the link L, the 
quadrant Q is keyed to the rod as indicated. In this con- 
struction we have the floating lever principle, and the rod 
moves in a straight line while the link L takes care of the 
curvature. The catch C is lifted from the quadrant by 
pressing A to the handle. By releasing the handle, it 
can be held in any position. The figure D is given on the 
boiler card or the erecting card and upon it depends the 
location of the handle. 




273 



Assembling and Calking. 




Flooi 



Figure 266 
Entering the sheets. 




Assembling. 

The method employed in 
entering the cylindrical sheets 
into each other is seen in Fig. 
266. The sheet A is raised up 
by a crane and is then lowered 
inside of B. A wedge is driv- 
en between the edges at D and 
the lower course is entered up. 
These sheets are not always a 
perfect cylinder, consequently 
they do not go together as eas- 
ily as one might suppose they 
should. After the sheet A has 
been entered into B, it is 
twisted around so as to bring 
the corresponding holes verti- 
cally in line. A taper pin P 
is then entered into the hole 
and driven in. Several other 
pins are entered at different 
places and also driven home. 
It is not a good thing to use 

274 



Assembling. 

these drifts but under the circumstances this is the only 
way we have of bringing the holes directly opposite each 
other. The evil caused by driving these pins into holes in 



h-- 



Figure 267 
Drift pin. 



___A. 



The Derry-Collard Co, 



order to open them up, is too well known to require spec- 
ial mention. If care is taken in laying out and punching 
the holes, these drift pins need very rarely be used. 




77ie Derry CoUard Co: 

Figure 268 
Assembling dome. 



While the sheets A and B are supported by the pins 
P, bolts are entered into some of the holes and the sheet 
is drawn up as tight as possible. After this the welt strips 



275 



Assembling. 



can be put in place and also bolted up. These sheets can 

now be riveted. One of these pins P is seen in Fig. 267. 

The size depends upon the size of the holes. For inch 

rivets a pin with these di- 
mensions answers the pur- 
pose very well. They are 
made of tool steel and 
should be turned rather 
than rough forged. 

In Fig. 268, B is the 
welded body of a dome. In 
entering the cap C into this 
dome a tight fit is required. 
The domes are all welded to 
a given diameter and the 
cap C is turned off on the 
outside a little larger in di- 
ameter. The body of the 
dome is then heated and the 
cap is entered into it. The 
holes are then straightened 
up by means of tapered 
pins, Fig. 26J, and a few 
bolts are put in to keep the 
cap in position. The dome 
flange F is now heated and 
the body of the dome is en- 
tered into it and twisted 
around so as to line up with 
the proper holes. A few 

bolts are also put in to keep the flange in place. 

In assembling the various parts of a locomotive boiler 

and where adequate crane service is not to be had, hydrau- 

276 




Figure 269 
Hydraulic jack. 



Assembling. 

lie jacks, similar to Fig. 269, are very convenient. This 
illustration shows a cross section of the jack. The shaft S 
has a handle attached to it and when it is moved up and 
down the plunger P is raised and lowered. On the lower 
end of this plunger is a valve which allows the liquid to 
pass downward through it but checks it from returning. 
At each stroke, some of the liquid is pushed down into 
the chamber C. This liquid, being forced in here under a 
pressure, acts upon the diameter of the main piston and 
forces it upward, thus raising the boiler. When it is de- 
sired to lower the boiler a handle H turns, which re- 
leases the valve at the lower end of the piston P. The 
liquid then rushes back through the valve but on ac- 
count of the small port opening, the downward motion is 
very gentle, 

A steel foot F hooks over the top of the jack and is 
very convenient for getting under the water space and 
other places which are close to the floor. 

In handling a boiler with a crane, ropes, Fig. 270, are 





Figure 270 
Ropes for handling boiler. 

convenient, in addition to the usual run of chains which 
are frequently used. They are made of different lengths 
of tar rope. It is wound round and round the pulleys A 
and B until the required number of strands are obtained. 
It is then covered with heavy canvas cloth, then wound on 

277 



Assembling. 

the outside, binding the whole thing into one solid cable. 
Several of these ropes are always kept on hand and are 
used to lift the boiler as shown in Fig. 271. H and H 
are two double crane hooks. The rope is long enough 



a 





The Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 271 
Slinging boiler with ropes and crane. 



to reach around the boiler and then is dropped over the 
hook as shown. These ropes are very strong on account 
of the equalized pull that is brought upon each of the 
single strands of the rope. Another good point is, that 
they will never mar the boiler plate as is so apt to be the 
case in using chains. 

The usual method of attaching the sand box to the 
boiler is illustrated in Fig 272. The feet L are made long 
so as to chip on boilers of various radii, between certain 
limits. The base D is made of cast iron; it is set upon 
the boiler and lined up with the center line. A scriber is 
then run along the boiler and the feet are marked off at 
an equal distance all around in order to give each foot a 
bearing. The base is then taken from the boiler and the 

278 



Assembling. 

feet are chipped off at this line. The base is held to the 
boiler by two studs which go into taper holes into the 
sheet, and nuts on top to receive the base D. 

The body of the sand box B is made of wrought iron. 
The seam is riveted with a single strip on the inside and 




Figure 272 

Attaching sand box and bell 



"The Derry CuttarS Co 

Figure 273 



the rivets countersunk flush on the outside. The top T 
and the cover plate C are made of cast iron. 

The base of a bell, Fig. 273, is chipped to the boiler 
in a similar manner as the dome. The feet are made 
about one inch long and will fit almost any boiler by 
chipping to suit. The bell is usually held by two studs on 
the top center line, one front and one back. 

279 



Calking. 





Figure 274 



Figure 275 




The Derry Collar* Co. 



Figure 276 



The Derry-Collard C« 



Figure 277. 



Calking details. 



Calk 



ini 



No matter how much of the best labor has been ex- 
pended on a locomotive boiler, its final success depends 
upon the calking it receives. Many a poorly calked 
boiler has been hurried off to the erecting shop and then 
when the water pressure was turned on another hurry 
up job was made calking the leaks. The lagging was put 
on and the sheet iron covering, everything painted and 
polished up and the locomotive shipped. A few days later 
a letter comes to the office, stating that the boiler must be 

280 



Calking tool gage. 



stripped and every seam thoroughly calked, which of 
course is at the expense of the builder. After such les- 
sons, one cannot help but realize the 
importance of a well calked job before 
it leaves the boiler shop. 

Too frequently the calking is only 
done as indicated in Fig. 274. The 
metal has been calked down so as to 
be tight against the sheet but only for 
the small distance T. When the boiler 
is racked and strained in service, this 
small thin strip becomes loose and we 
have a leaky seam. If, however, the 
calking tool is pounded more firmly 
into the sheet, we get an amount of 
metal, Fig. 275, much greater than be- 
fore, making a solid connection be- 
tween the sheets. The amount of con- 
tact, or of distance T, is what makes 
the calked edge good or bad. 

A calking tool is shown at F, Fig. 
276. It consists of a hexagonal piece 
of tool steel, drawn out and rounded 
off at the end C, as indicated. This 
illustration also represents a section 
through a fire box seam and these 
seams calked inside and outside as in- 
dicated. The edges of the sheet should 
be beveled off as shown. - 

In Fig. 277, we notice a single 
riveted seam which has been calked in- 
side and out. The metal at C and D is 
calked tight enough to form perfect 

281 



&1 



The Derry Oollard Co. 

Figure 278 
Calking Tool gage. 



contact from 



Pneumatic hammers. 

the outer edge of the sheet in as far as the rivet. 
A gage for the calking tool is represented in Fig. 278. 




Figure 279 



Pneumatic hammer. 



The Derry Collard Co. 



The different notches are marked with the figures which 
represent the thickness of the plate for which a tool 




Figure 280 
Not a strong head. 



shaped to this gage should be used. In some locomotive 
shops a strict adherence to this gage is insisted upon, 

282 



Boiler tube fastenings. 

which is a wise plan to follow. These gages are made 
of steel and are about one-eighth of an inch thick. 

A cross section of an air tool used for calking is 
shown in Fig. 279. The heaviest style of such tools give 
the best satisfaction, as it is not light blows but heavy ones 




Figure 281 



The Derry CoUa-i'd Co 




Boiler tube rolled in place and calked. 



which give the best satisfaction in this work. The air 
enters the hammer at A when the handle H is pressed 
down, the air rushes around the chamber at B and passes 
through the valve V, driving the hammer down against 

383 



Calking tubes. 

the calking tool. Three to nine hundred blows per min- 
ute, depending upon the length of the stroke, can be ob- 
tained with one of these hammers. It is not only the 
seams that leak. Each one of the rivets must be calked, 
with a much sharper tool than that which is used for the 
seam. This is a tedious process and requires a great deal 
of time. It is during this operation of calking that the 
flat heads, Fig. 280, are disliked. A head of this shape is 
neither a satisfactory job for strength nor calking. The 
head should be shaped as indicated by the dotted line. 
This gives a fair rivet and a much better job to calk. 

In addition to calking the seams and the rivets, the 
boiler tubes must also be calked and also any other fire 
tubes, fire brick tubes, etc., which may be used about 
the boiler. 

In Fig. 28 J T is the rear end of a tube, S is the 
tube sheet, and C the copper ferrule. This is a very 
common construction for boiler tubes. On account of the 
expansion of these tubes, the inside portion at R is ex- 
panded so that the tube is hooked around the tube sheet 




The Berry Collard Co. 

Figure 282 
Tool for calking tubes. 



and this not only resists a thrust in one direction, but in 
both. After the sheet has been expanded out against the 
copper ring and also at R the end of the tube F is calked 
over. This is very nicely and rapidly done by a com- 
pressed air hammer, Fig. 279. The calking tool, Fig. 282, 

284 



Expanding tubes. 

Has a semi-circular nose N which fits over the tube at 
F and a leg L which enters the tube and rests against the 
side wall. 

Fig. 283 is a cross section of an expanding tool. 
This tool is driven by a ratchet handle H and can be used 
in corners where only a slight motion of the handle can 
be obtained. It is fitted with a taper pin P, which ex- 




Tool for expanding tubes in the tube 
sheets. 



u 



pands the three rollers R. G is a guide which serves to 
keep the expanding tool straight. As P is forced in, the 
rollers are pushed out in order to accommodate a larger 
diameter. 

A somewhat different construction of tube is illus- 
trated in Fig. 283. The end C is made of copper and 
is sweated or brazed on the end of the copper along the 
line J. The thread portion T of the tube is screwed into 

285 



Construction of fire tubes. 



the sheet S and the tube is flanged over at F as in the 
previous case. 

The general construction of the fire tubes is shown 
in Fig. 284. S is the fire box sheet and T is the outside 
sheet. The tubes are swaged down on the fire end and 



;- — -^ ,-■ w>^^^--' jl 





!-— -Tr-" '^^^ ZLJ 




Fire tube construction. 

entered into place with a copper ferrule C as represented. 
The tube is expanded in the same way as a boiler tube 
and then the outer edge is beaded as in this illustration. 
The usual construction of a fire brick tube is seen in 
Fig. 285. They are bent to the required shape before be- 



Fire brick tube construction. 

ing entered into the sheet, the hole H being large enough 
to admit of this operation. The tube is then expanded 
against the side of the hole and the outer edge of the 
tool is flanged as seen in this figure. The small diameter 
of the plug D clears the largest portion of the tube E, by 
% or % of an inch. H is a hexagonal core into the 
back of this plug for the purpose of screwing it into place. 




The Derry-Collard Co. 



Fire brick tube construction. 



In riveting up the ends of the stay bolts and in calk- 
ing them tight to prevent leaks, it is a decided advantage 
to have the bolts cut off to the same length. For this 
reason the stay bolt cutter or nipper, Fig. 286, is now be- 
ing used by some of our builders. This machine is 
operated by compressed air and cuts all the bolts to the 
same length. 

287 



Finishing parts. 




Figure 286. 
Pneumatic stay bolt center. 



Finishing Parts. 




After all the work has been done in the boiler shop, 
the boiler is carried by a truck or crane and raised over 
the partially erected locomotive, to which it is to be fitted. 
It is now lowered and shifted forward and backward in 
order to locate the proper distance from the throat sheet 
to the cylinder center. It is then lowered upon the 
cylinder and the flange scribed so as to make the correct 
distance from the cylinder center to the boiler center. The 
boiler is then removed and the cylinder saddle chipped 
out to the line which has just been scribed. 

As the amount of metal to be removed varies any- 



Chipping the cylinder saddle. 

where from }& to ji inch, three or four men are put to 
chipping in order to hurry the job along. To keep the 
flying chips from injuring the workmen, a piece of canvas 
A, Fig. 287, is thrown over a support B. 

After the cylinder saddle has been chiped off evenly 
to the straight edge, the boiler is put back in place. The 




Figure 287 
Protection while chipping cylinder saddle. 



holes for the cylinder bolts are then drilled and reamed 
out and the furnace bearers are marked off and drilled. 
The boiler is then raised and a mixture of red lead laid 
over the top of the flange. The boiler is then lowered in- 
to place, the bolts are entered and drawn up tight. The 
tubes are now entered through the front door and pushed 
into place. On account of the variation of the front and 



Testing the boiler for leaks. 

back tube sheet from a plane surface, the tubes are not 
all of the same length. 

For this reason, a pole is placed through a set of 
tube holes, the length is noted. All the holes are thus 
measured up and a chalk line is drawn on tube sheet so 
as to enclose all the tubes of the same length. A half 
dozen different lengths will ordinarily be sufficient. The 
tubes are then entered into their proper places and ex- 
panded and beaded. 

The side frames for grate are now bolted into place 
and the shaking and drop plate levers attached to the 
boiler. The cab knees and running board brackets are 
laid off, the holes drilled and tapped, and studs put in to 
suit. The holes for the handrail columns, fittings for the 
injectors, pumps, blower valves, blow off cocks, etc., are 
now tapped or reamed as the case may be and these 
fittings screwed into, or bolted fast to the boiler. The 
throttle, dry pipe, and steam pipes are put in and bolted 
up. The dome cap is bolted up against its gasket. The 
sand box, bell, etc., are attached to the boiler G, to their 
corresponding studs and the boiler thoroughly gone over, 
to see that all plugs, taps, etc., have been entered. 

After everything is found to be satisfactory, water 
is allowed to enter the boiler. When it begin to fill up, we 
find numerous little streams trickling from the seams and 
the rivets, all of which must be stopped with calking tool. 
After the seams have been gone over and all the leaks 
have been stopped, the pumps are started. As there is sure 
to be some air in the boiler, and some leaks, the water pres- 
sure will go up slowly at first. As the leaks are stopped, 
the pressure gradually creeps up until it reaches the 
point specified for the hydraulic test, which is about 40 
to 60 pounds above the working pressure. This pressure 

290 



Lagging the boiler. 



is maintained until all the leaks are 
stopped. The pressure is taken off and 
a plug in the waist or in the water 
space is removed and the water al- 
lowed to run out. 

After this the boiler is connected 
up to a steam pipe. The pressure 
creeps up quite slowly owing to con- 
densation, and the temperature of the 
boiler follows until the full pressure 
specified for the steam test is reached. 
This is from 20 to 50 pounds above 
the working pressure. If leaks should 
show up again they must be calked. 
The throttle can be opened and the 
steam allowed to enter the cylinders. 
Any steam test can be made, or such 
tests can be made later on. Ordinarily 
these boilers are never fired in any of 
these tests. 

The boiler is now ready to be 
lagged. The style of lagging depends 
upon the service that is required of 
the boiler, the expense, etc. Magnesia sectional lagging, 
however, is mostly used, but whatever the lagging may 
be, it is usually put on in sections. The different sections 
are held together by staples S, Fig. 288, and also by wires 
which encircle the boiler and hold the lagging firmly to it. 
This lagging is sawed off to suit and chopped out with a 
hatchet to fit the different places. The graduating for the 
sheets, Fig. 289, is done by the makers of the lagging, who 
are furnished with a print of the boiler with the lagging 
shown. They then get out the required number of pieces 

291 




Figure 288 
Section showing lagging. 



Usual methods for lagging. 

and make up the different courses so that it is not such a 
big job to find just where the various pieces go. 

The lagging stops at the front tube sheet and is never 
put over the smoke box. It is usually allowed to run over 



, i : /s/s/sss////////////^ 




The Derry-Collard Co. 



Figure 289 
Showing lagging graduated. 



the outside crown sheet and back as far as L, Fig. 290. 
The angle iron here shown usually extends down to the 
cab board and the lagging is fitted under it as indicated. 



PMMPPW 



N\\\\\\^\\N\\>KK*K*K***^^ 



\ 



K\\\\\\\W\Wl 



Figure 290 



*fe 






Figure 291 
Showing where lagging stops. 



7 

B 

iThe Derrg-Collard Co. 



Sometimes, however, the whole lower portion of the fire 
box is lagged. Then the angle iron extends down the 
back as also shown at A in Fig. 291, extends along the 
bottom as indicated at B, then a piece along the throat 



292 



Wood lagging sometimes used. 

sheet at E and also along the front of the fire box at D. 
Holes are drilled into these angle irons and wire is 
threaded through these holes, back and forth to hold the 
sections in place. 

On small locomotives, wood is frequently used for 
lagging. The pieces are laid together with a small air 
space between them and bound to the boiler with strap 




The Deify Collard ■ 



Figure 292 
Showing how jacket bands are fastened. 



iron. Short nails are driven through the hoop iron and 
are turned over against the sheet of the boiler. This 
makes a cheap lagging and one which is easily put on, al- 
though not as good as the sectional lagging. 

All the feet on the sand box, the bell and anything 
else that might be bolted on to the boiler must be short 
enough to be covered by the lagging. All plugs, in- 

293 



Jackets and jacket bands. 

jector connections, hand rail columns, etc., which go 
through the lagging should be especially designed to suit 
the particular thickness of lagging which is to be used on 
the boiler. 

After the lagging has been put into place both on the 
boiler and on the dome body the jacket can be fitted on. 
The jacket bands are made of various widths to suit the 




The Derry Collard Co. 



Figure 293 
Dome casing. 



size of the sheet and the conditions of the boiler. They 
are made to encircle the boiler in one piece and are held 
into place by clamps as shown in Fig. 292. F and F are 
knees that are riveted fast to the ends of the band and 
are drawn up by a bolt B. These clamps are always ar- 
ranged so as to be underneath the boiler or at a place 
which is not readily seen. 

The dome is covered by a casing, Fig. 293, which is 
294 



Boiler shop machinery. 

made in three sections, A being spherical, B a conical 
shaped sheet, and C is flanged out so as to join up neatly 
with the jacket. The rivets are countersunk in the flange 
so as to clear this casing. In a similar way the sand box 
is also covered up and if there are any other projecting 
parts of the boiler inside of the cab, some form of cover- 
ing is provided for them. The back head is also covered 
and must be cut out and pieced to fit around the various 
fittings. 



Boiler Shop Machinery. 




On account of the enormous delay in getting out 
work sometimes due to the machinery being out of order, 
it has been deemed advisable to devote some space to the 
description, care and repairs of the machines of the boiler 
shop. One of the first operations upon any sheet of 
metal, is shearing. Fig. 294 represents a shear with a 
large capacity and a deep throat. The shear blades B 
should be kept in good condition, there should be very 
little clearance between the blade and the cutting edge 
which should be ground to an angle of 8 or 10 degrees. 
The capacity of the machines should never be exceeded. 
If a machine is only intended to shear three-quarter plate, 
one should never try to shear inch plate. If this is done, 
and by speeding it up it can be done, some day you will 

295 



An electrically driven shear. 

find that you have a broken frame on your hands. This is 
sure to happen when there is a big rush of work on hand. 
Another source of trouble lies in the clutch or gag. 



Figure 294 
SI' ear used in boiler making. 

The pressure necessary to shear a plate is so great that all 
the surface of the clutch or gag is necessary to do the 
work. If only a small portion, therefore, is allowed to 
catch, the corners will either wear or break off — a 
condition of affairs which is only too frequently seen in 
nearly every boiler shop. The clutch or gag should be 
made to take a sure hold, either by a spring or a weight. 
If the machine is motor driven, the electrician should see 
that the motor is always in good running condition. 

The constant tendency in the boiler shop is to set 

296 



An hydraulic shear. 




Figure 295 
An hydraulic shear. 



297 



A shear for round and square bars. 

aside mechanical shears for hydraulic ones. A good ex- 
ample of such a shear in seen in Fig. 295. When the 
handle H is drawn down, the accumulator pressure is 
admitted into the main cylinder C. This pressure forces 
the ram and also the blade downward and shears off the 





"~ 3 D 




L S 


^ 


l\ 


£ 1 / 


T| 

Pj 

rV 


• 

! 






* rAef 





Figure 296 
A shear for round and square bars. 

plate. A draw back cylinder D always has the accumula- 
tor pressure acting upon it. As the spring S returns, the 
handle closes the valve and also opens the cylinder C to 
exhaust, the accumulator pressure returning the ram. 

298 



A splitting shear. 

There are thousands of round and square bars to be 
cut off from long rods in connection with boiler work, and 
some style of hydraulic or mechanical shear is used for 
this purpose. Fig. 296 illustrates a hydraulic shear for this 
work. The normal position of the shear is up, as shown. 
When the handle H is pushed down, water is admitted 
through the pilot valve P and thence flows through 
the small pipe T to the main value S. This pressure 
forces the valve along and opens a passage to the main 
cylinder. The plunger lowers and a small trip engaging 
with the lever returns the handle H. The accumulator 
pressure then forces the valve S open and the water in 
the main cylinder is allowed to exhaust. The constant ac- 
cumulator pressure in the draw back D returns the cylin- 
der. The principal thing to be watched in operating these 
machines is to keep the packing drawn up tight and re- 
new it when it begins to drag out. The leather pack- 
ings are easily renewed at the end of a day and should 
never be allowed to run after they have once started to 
leak. 

There are many narrow strips about a boiler which 
are necessary for the different parts and are cut with a 
splitting shear shown in Fig. 297. One side of the shear 
along A is kept a little inside the cutting shear, so the 
straight sheet can pass along this line. When the machine 
is used for extra heavy work, a bar is placed through the 
lugs L and L to strengthen the frame. The machine runs 
constantly and the blade is made to operate by means of 
the handle H. This throws in a gag and when the eccen- 
tric lever comes down, it pushes the shear blade with it. 
On account of the load on the shear blade coming out of 
center, the guide wears away very rapidly. A taper shoe 
S is therefore used to take up the wear and as soon as the 

299 



A splitting shear. 




Figure 297 
A splitting shear. 



head becomes loose, it can readily be seen and should be 
taken up by this shoe. 

As there are a large number of boilers built on the 
style of the one in Plate 2, there is a constant need for 
beveled edges around irregular curves. We therefore 

300 



A rotary or bevel shear. 

find in some boiler shops, a narrow angle shear, Fig. 298, 
or else a machine that is made very similar in general ap- 
pearance but has rotary shears. 

So much angle iron is used in staying and otherwise 




Figure 298 
A rotary or bevel shear. 

about a boiler that large quantities of this angle iron must 
be cut to certain lengths. The angle iron shear, Fig. 299, 
represents the style of machine that is used for this pur- 
pose. The shears are double. Angle iron of small sec- 
tions can be sheared off by sticking one end of the bar 

301 



An angle iron shear. 

into the machine and holding the other by hand, but large 
sections must be held to the table T. Slots S are provided 
for the clamping bolts. When shearing off angle iron at 




Figure 299 
An angle iron shear. 



an angle it is necessary to brings the blade down against 
the work before the foot lever is thrown into operation. 



302 



An hydraulic flanging press. 

For this reason a bar is put into the hole H and by turn- 
ing it, any required position can be obtained. The ten- 
dency is to drive these large machines by individual 
motors as at M. 

A large hydraulic flanging press is shown in Fig. 



„ Ih 




Jr 


• 




jr N 

'M 

1° 




"b 


1 




A 


B 






9 


# # 




- ^^^^| 


• 


,, rV- - 



Figure 300 
An hydraulic flanging press. 



300. The dies are bolted in T slots upon the table T and 
also upon the cap C by means of columns which have al- 
ready been explained under flanging. B are the four ten- 
sion bolts along which the table slides. The cap can be 
adjusted by the nuts M and O. The nut N should always 

303 



Operation of flanging presses. 

be placed on top as the lower nut M is only intended 
to lock it. The half nuts O serve to support the cap on 
the bolts. When it is desired to raise or lower the cap, 
four columns of equal length are set upon the table, one 
near each post. The nuts N and M, having been adjusted, 
the main table is brought up and the four columns raise 
the cap perfectly level to the required distance. While 
holding the machine in this position, the nuts O are 
screwed up against the cap. The table is then lowered 
and the nuts N and M are drawn up tight. These nuts 
are adjusted by sticking a short bar of iron in the holes H 
and then knocking the nut around with the hammer ; this 
is much more readily done than by using a long wrench. 
A is the handle which operates the main valve and B 
operates the internal plunger. When the handle is 
thrown in one direction, water is turned in and when it is 
thrown in the opposite direction the water is exhausted. 

In Fig. 301 we have a machine which, in addition to 
having a main and an internal piston, has four auxiliary 
pistons A and a top cylinder T. The auxiliary cylinder 
must be adjusted radially, in order to accommodate the 
shape and size of the dies. The top cylinder T is ar- 
ranged so it can be adjusted in and out from the center. It 
is very useful for light flanging. The power required for 
operating the press is much misunderstood. Every time 
any one of the pistons is operated without doing any 
work as much steam is consumed in running the pumps 
to supply this water, as it would take if these pistons were 
working at their full capacity. On this account much ex- 
pense is saved in the operation of the hydraulic plant by 
careful manipulation of the valves. 

Fig. 302 represents a universal flanging press. A 
and B are vertical pistons which can be operated in- 

304 



An hydraulic flanging press. 

dependently of each other. They are returned by the 
draw back D. C is another piston which operates at right 
angles to A and B. L is an angle plate, along which the 
piston B slides. Many of the boiler plates which are bent 




Figure 301 

An hydraulic flanging press. 

in the form of channels and which are used for staying 
the heads can be made under this machine. 

For bending a plain sheet at right angles, a die is 
places underneath the piston A and the sheet is pinched 



305 



A universal flanging press. 

and held in position by A. Next B is lowered and the 
sheet is flanged. B is then returned and C brings the 
flanged portion tight against the die, thus finishing the 




Figure 302 
A universal flanging press. 

operation. Much of the hand work usually done on ac- 
count of not having complete dies, can be done on this 
universal machine. The sheet is held the same as the one 



306 



Electrically operated punching machine. 

just mentioned and one section after another is flanged by 
the pistons B and C. 




«-E 






CiM** L "'//;- 



Figure 303 
An electrically operated punching machine. 

A punching- machine will be seen in Fig. 303. In- 
stead of a counter weight, a spring S is used to counter- 



307 



An hydraulic punch. 

balance the head. This spring should be adjusted so that 
the head is always over counterbalanced, so that when the 
punch hits the sheet, no lost motion will have to be taken 



cm B J 

pjP" 11 ™ Kyi:' 4 


W/Uk 









Ficrure 304 

An hydraulic punch. 



up. H is the handle by which the punch is operated. The 
punches are usually run at a speed ranging from 15 to 25 

308 



A punch for wide sheets. 





















^^^^H 












s^ 










> 










Sb 










r% i 




























^^^ ' v 












•St 
















^ 






< 1 


— 


^ 






i|| *«■* 


|ffi[ H 


4 




















^^^^^^* 


^W? J 




















A 




o 










. ^" > 











o * 









30Q 



Operation of punch for wide sheets. 

strokes per minute. Where the punch is used for cutting, 
the speed can easily run up to 25 or 30 strokes per 
minute. But where single holes have to be punched and 
the centers of the holes must be felt for, 20 strokes per 
minute is about right. The head of this punch is forced up 
and down by means of a lever which has its fulcrum on 
the shaft F and which is thrown up and down by an 
eccentric on the shaft E. 

Fig. 304 represents a hydraulic punch. This punch 
is arranged to be operated by a foot lever L which in turn 
opens and closes the valve V as the water rushes into the 
main cylinder C, the punch P is forced through the sheet. 
At the same time a lug A strikes a stud underneath and 
throws the valve over to the exhaust side, the water in the 
draw-back cylinder D pulls the punch out of the sheet 
and exhausts the water from the main cylinder. 

The constant tendency in boiler construction is 
toward larger sheets and frequently much larger sheets 
would be employed if they could be obtained from the 
mills, but ten feet is the limit in width for shipment by 
most roads. These wide sheets require punches with 
large gaps, as Fig. 305. 

The enormous weight of a machine with this size 
gap is due to the metal necessary to withstand the severe 
bending action with so long a lever arm. Most machines 
of this size gap, therefore, only go up to a certain size 
hole in the plate. When larger capacity is required, a pair 
of bolts B are used for supporting the extra load. This of 
course cuts down the gap. However well a punch may 
be kept, the plate will stick to the punch on the return 
stroke, and some "arrangement for stripping off this plate 
must be provided for. This stripper must also be pro- 
vided with an adjustment for a different thickness of 

310 



Punching tube sheet holes. 

plates. Five adjustments are gotten by means of the lug 
A on stripper S. 

It will be noticed on this machine that instead of 
having a spring to keep the gag out of place, a weight 
W is used for this purpose so there can be no breaking of 
springs nor any changing of tension. 

The stake C on this machine is made of forged steel 




Figure 306 
Punching tube sheet holes. 



and is very narrow, extending out beyond the nose of the 
machine. This enables one to get in close to the corners 
of flanges, and also to punch holes readily into flanged 
heads, which is a very convenient thing on a vertical 
punch. 

When punching tube sheet holes, the tit of the punch 

3ii 



Punching large holes. 

should be entered with unfailing certainty into the center 
punch mark. There should be no chance for its getting 
out before the hole is punched. The wheel A, Fig. 306, 
enables one to raise and lower the head until this condi- 
tion is attained. The foot treadle is then depressed, the 





| 






— ■* """ i^t* - ? Sum 












* ^m ^VR9V kbSP^^W^ 






fl 


Jk ^n 


H j 


Irgm <fl 


^C** 




P^ J^'-" ^ 


^P> Vefitrr/S*'*'***'//. y 



Figure 307 
Punching large holes. 



bell crank with its weight W is released and the clutch 
is engaged. As the eccentric shaft then rotates, the 
punch is pushed through the sheet. Weights instead of 

3T2 



An automatic punch and shear. 

springs are noticeable in this figure. A shelf S is provided 
for a crane. Nine machines out of ten have jib cranes 
rigged up on them. 

When a large number of the same size locomotive 
boilers are built, there are hundreds of sheets to be cut out 
for the fire door, for dome flanges, etc. Some boiler shops 




Figure 308 
An automatic punch and shear. 

have machines especially fitted up for this class of work. 
Fig. 3°7 shows one of these machines operated by 
hydraulic pressure. The shape of the punch is such that 
the sheet is sheared as is clearly shown in the engraving. 

To save time in laying out sheets an automatic 
punch and shear, Fig. 308, is used. This represents one 



313 



A horizontal punch. 




3M 



Horizontal punch with stripper. 

of a class of machines which will shear one edge at an 
angle, space the sheet and punch the holes accurately 
along the full length of the sheet, the sheet being clamped 
upon the table T. Some of these machines not only space 
the rivets in even figures but into any decimal part of an 
even space. That is if we have a sheet say 200 inches 
long and wish to space 'jy rivets in the whole length of it, 
this machine would space the rivets accurately to 1 / 77 of 
this distance. The shears on these machines are set at an 



• 


mtdim 







Figure 310 
Horizontal punch with stripper. 

angle so that no planing is necessary when the plate 
comes from the machine. 

However well a vertical machine may be arranged 
for punching flanges, there is scarcely a boiler shop that 
does not have one of more horizontal punches. Fig. 309 
represents a horizontal punch with a circular steel stake 
S. The gap is seen to be very .small and .the top of the 
machine is flush at F. This is necessary when punching 
off the extra metal around a fire door flange. The foot 

3i5 



Punch with crane attached. 

treadle is shown at T. When these machines are used for 
punching holes, a stripper is as essential as on the vertical 
machines, so we find a rig like S, Fig. 310, arranged for 
stripping off the plate. This is adjusted by the screw 
C for plates of varying thicknesses. 



^i 


► 






: IF 


^P 
S 

rSsSB ^A 



Figure 311 
P. inch with attached crane. 



The dies are held in the stake by headless pointed set 
screws. The clearance holes for the punches should be 
large enough so that they will not clog up. All these 

316 



A plate planing machine. 




317 



Plates held by jacks. 







318 



Dog arrangement for reversing. 




319 



Plate planing and planers. 

machines should be fitted up with individual cranes. The 
style represented in Fig. 311 is a convenient arrange- 
ment. The post is fastened to the floor by a flange F and 
to the machine by a strap S. The arm A swings in a 
circle and by means of the trolley T the sheet can be 
swung in any position required. 

A plate planing machine with a long steel beam for 
clamping the sheet is illustrated in Fig. 312. The tight 
and loose pulleys P rotate a screw, which engages a nut 
and draws the carriage C along. Upon the rod R, dogs 
D are placed and these limit the traverse of the carriage 
and do the reversing. The jack screws J can be dis- 
tributed as shown or can be bunched in any part of the 
machine so as to hold a very narrow sheet. 

Fig. 313 illustrates a compressed air jack •which h 
fitted permanently to the beam B. A better view is here ob- 
tained of the carriage. The tool slide swivels at any angle 
and is adjusted up and down by the handles H. The tool 
block T is hinged so that when the tool is returning, the 
sheet will not drag off the edge. 

A different arrangement of the dogs for reversing the 
carriage is seen at F, Fig. 314. They slide along the 
rectangular rod R, which in turn is attached to the lever 
H. With this lever one is able to run the carriage back 
and forth from one position. The clamping of the sheet 
is done by power through the shaft S. 

In Fig. 315 a large bending roll is shown, driven by 
electric motors. Motor A is used for driving the rolls 
and the other, B, raises and lowers the top roll T. The 
cap C is so hinged that it can be dropped out of place 3 
while the hand wheel H through the screw, supports the 
rod. 

In Fig. 316 T clearly shows a slot which has been 

320 



A large bending roll. 




1% 



321 



Bending rolls. 








ft 




a 




W 




t-t 




o 


m 






w 


uq 




C 


CL 




►1 


n> 






<j 








2 


ca 


rr 




•<: 






322 



Plate straightening roll. 

referred to in the previous chapter. It is used for lining 
up the sheet during the process of bending. The electric 
motor is placed inside the bed as shown, while the bend- 
ing motor B is near the head of the machine. One source 
of delay on these machines is in the renewal of brass pin- 




Figure 31? 

Plate straightening roll. 

ions, as many of the gear teeth are cast and they grind 
and wear away rapidly. It tells more on the pinions 
than anywhere else and the pinions should be made of 
cast steel. 

323 



Riveting by machinery. 

Fig. 317 shows a plate straightening roll. There are 
four upper rolls R and three lower rolls S, spaced mid- 
way between them. The upper have an air adjustment 
vertically to suit the thickness of the plate. They are 




Figure 318 
A flush top riveter. 



adjusted by the hand wheel W and are driven by a 
pair of reversing engines A. 

324 



Machine, riveting^ 




Figure 319 
"Vauclain" type of riveter. 

325 



Riveting by machinery. 

Under the subject of riveting, different styles 
cylinders have been mentioned. Fig. 318 represents a 
flush top machine. The valve is coupled up to the sup- 
ply and to the machine in such a manner that when the 
handle H is pushed toward the stake S, water is turned 
into the cylinder and the die D approaches the rivet. This 
represents a three pressure machine, the various pres- 
sures being obtained in this manner. There is a main 
cylinder C, an intermediate piston P and a small piston 
K. P and K can be locked to the main cylinder by 
means of a screw inside the cylinder. This screw is re- 
volved by the lever L. The screw is cut away in three 
places like the breech of a gun and thus by a small 
motion of the lever L the screws engage or disengage as 
the case may be. 

Some precaution must be taken in coupling up the 
different pressures. If the screw threads are not fully 
engaged, the enormous pressure of the piston will either 
break the screw or strip the thread in the nut. In order 
to get the lowest pressure, the lever L must be unlocked, 
the piston P and K pushed in and then the lever L 
locked. 

Fig. 319 illustrates another style of cylinder. This 
is known as the flush bottom or "Vauclain" type. The 
different pressures are obtained through a distributing 
valve from which pressure is entered into several differ- 
ent chambers which will give either one of the three 
pressures. H is the valve handle for operating the 
riveter. The valve for operating the crane when the 
crane is hydraulic is placed nearby, -so that the operator 
has both under perfect control. On account of the ec- 
centricity of the load, the bolts B stretch and gradually 
work loose. They should be looked after occasionally. 

326 



Portable hydraulic riveter. 




figure 320 
Portable hydraulic riveter. 



327 



Portable hydraulic riveter. 




Figure 321 
Portable hydraulic riveter. 



328 



A pneumatic riveter. 




A pneumatic "holder on." 

The bolts D should always be drawn up so tight that 
the joint line L will never open when the machine is in 
operation. These bolts can be heated up for a distance 
of two feet or so, with a charcoal fire, and expanded. 
The nuts N should then be hammered to take up the 
slack and when the bolt cools it will be under tension. 

In Fig. 320 is a portable hydraulic machine. The 
gap, of course, is small, but there are many rivets in the 
boiler which can be put in with one of these machines 




hurry Collard Co. 



Figure 323 
A pneumatic "holder on. 



when it is on the floor, which would otherwise have to be 
hand riveted. P is the supply pipe. H is the operating 
valve handle. 

For driving the rivets in the water space frame, the 
portable hydraulic machine, Fig. 321, is useful. C is a 
circular arm which supports the riveting machine and 
which admits of its free movement in any direction. H 
is the handle for operating the main piston. P is the 
supply pipe which is arranged with several joints. This 

330 



A pneumatic piston drill. 

enables the crane hook to be raised or lowered or shifted 
in any other position. 

For driving rivets with an air riveting hammer, Fig. 
322, the barrel B should be arranged for an extra long 
stroke. For boiler rivets, unlike rivets for structural 
steel work, must not only be headed up but the metal of 
the rivet must be driven tightly into the hole and the 
head must be driven down solid. This can only be done 




Figure 324 
A pneumatic piston drill. 

by heavy blows. The handle H opens and closes the 
valve. 

The old method of holding the rivet will gradually 
give way to a much better and a more satisfactory 
method which is to be found in the holder in Fig. 323. 
The air hose is coupled up at B and the valve is open. 
The air pressure then acts as a spring between the end R 
for the rivet and the end S for a support. This holds 
the rivet in place with a pressure of 1,000 or 1,200 pounds. 

33i 



Layout of riveting plant. 

Considerable power is required to drive the tapered 
reamers used for reaming out the rivet holes. On this 
account the small rotary motors are no longer able to 
do the work. There are a number of piston drills, Fig. 
324, placed upon the market which give an enormous 
torque. They are usually arranged in two or three sets 
90 to 120 degrees apart, the air hose being connected to 
one of the handles. 

Fig. 325 shows a general riveting plant. R is the 
riveting machine. The crane hook H is suspended from 
a trolley on the bridge B. The chain is anchored at A, 
then goes down around the block and returns to the 
bridge. From here it goes down to the bottom sheave 
of the hoist B. C is the accumulator, T is the supply 
tank and P is the pump. The pump runs the accumu- 
lator up until the weight W is lifted by it. A weight at 
the other end of the chain closes the steam valve and 
stops the pump. Water is then used from the accumu- 
lator for the hoist, for riveting and perhaps for several 
other machines. 

On account of a number of machines being oper- 
ated from the same accumulator, much annoyance has 
sometimes been caused by shocks from the water pres- 
sure when the valve leading to the main cylinder of 150 
tons riveting machine is opened. The water rushes into 
the cylinder at an enormous velocity. This flow reduces 
the pressure in the supply pipe, making it appreciably 
lower. This valve is now suddenly closed and as the 50 
or 75 tons weight of the accumulator cannot be stopped 
suddenly without causing the pressure to run up enor- 
mously, we have this shock in the mains. Whenever 
several machines are operated from the same accumu- 
lator, a shock valve, Fig. 326, or some form of safety 

332 



Layout of riveting plant. 




L_::ji_J llJj 

Figure 325 
View of general riveting plant. 



■nr 



The Derry-CoUard Ce, 



333 



A relief valve. 

valve, should be employed. P is the piston which has the 
accumulator pressure acting against it. Its upward 
tendency is resisted by the spring S. When the pres- 
sure in the main line suddenly rises, these springs will 
give and consequently relieve the shock. 

Oil heaters were mentioned under riveting. Fig. 




Figure 326 

A relief valve for hydraulic tools. 



327 gives an idea as to how these heaters are arranged. 
They are lined inside with fire brick, one of the pipes sup- 
plies oil, another is connected to the steam or air pipe. 
They are placed on the platform near the operator. 

The majority of the work for drilling holes in 
boiler plates and flanges, etc., is done under a radial 
drill. Such a drill is illustrated in Fig. 328. The table 
can be made to swivel to any angle and with a clamp 
can be held in any position. It is raised and lowered by 

334 



Oil heater for rivets. 




Figure 327 
Oil heater for rivets. 



335 



A radial drill. 




Figure 328 
A radial drill. 



336 



A post or wall radial drill. 

the crank C. A circular rack on the part B allows the 
table to be swiveled around in any position. The arm A 
can be made to swivel through a complete circle. A pit 
is usually provided on one side of the machine, so that 
operations can be performed on long work. 

A much more simple style of radial drill is repre- 




Figure 329 
A radial drill hung on post. 



sented by Fig. 329. This is bolted against the post at P. 
The body of the drill B can be shifted back and forth, and 
with a handle H the drill or reamer is forced into the 
work. Hundreds of these drills can be found in the 
boiler shops throughout the country. Although it is not 
an accurate drill, it is quickly and easily applied and for 

337 



A multiple spindle drill. 




338 



Drill press clamps. 

this class of work extreme accuracy is not so important. 
For the rivet holes in the water space frame, drills 
similar to Fig. 330 are almost universally employed. The 
drills D can be shifted to any position within the limit of 
the machine. They are set four or five spaces apart and all 



I I 



No. 1 



£ 




The Derry-CoUard Co. 



Clamp 



Figure 331 
for holding work on drill presses. 



started in to work at the same time. After the eight 
holes have been drilled they are shifted along to the next 
eight and so on. As the holes in the water space frame 
are equal spaces, these spindles are set to the proper 
space, then they are shifted to the next set of holes 
by the ratchet handle H which engages with a rack pin- 



339 



Drill press clamps. 

ion as indicated, all the drills receive the same feed. 

Fig. 331 illustrates a clamp for holding work on 
the bed of the milling machine, planer, drill presses, or 
any other place where work is to be held in place by a 
clamp. The hexagonal part H has a hole drilled out of 
center so that the distance from the center to the side 
of the hexagon constantly changes from one side to the 
other. By this means the clamp can be raised or lowered 
in small steps over a range of one or two inches, depend- 
ing upon the size of the clamp. B should be made of 
cast steel. The slot admits a bolt at T which can be 
slipped anywhere along the clamp. 




340 



General Tables. 




In order to successfully compete in any line of work, 
we must take short cuts by eliminating all unnecessary 
work. Consequently we are constantly resorting to 
tables in order to save ourselves an enormous amount of 
time and energy in calculations. Take for instance table 
number i, which represents the areas and circumfer- 
ences of circles. There is, perhaps, no table which is 
more frequently used in boiler work. The area and 
circumference is given for V 64 , 2 / 64 , */ 16 , etc., up to one 
inch and then advances in quarters to ioo inches. 

By using this table one can readily obtain the cir- 
cumference of any diameter between 1 / 64 of an inch and 
ioo inches, advancing by 64ths. For example we wish 
the circumference of 5i 63 / 6 4 inches diameter. 

Circumference of 51 inch = 160.222 

15 /i6 inch = 2.94525 

V 8 2 mCn = .O9818 

Ve 4 inch = .049Q9 

5i 63 / 64 inches = 163.31452 

Or we can take the circumference of a 52-inch 
circle 163.363 and deduct .04909 from it. 

34i 



General tables. 

Another table which is very useful in saving time is 
table two, the logarithms of numbers. This table is 
used in operations in multiplication, division, and in the 
powers of numbers. Its use will best be understood by 
several examples, 
(i) 173X317 
131 

Log ( T73 I ^ I 3I7 )-=Log 173 + Log 317 — Log 131 

Now hunt up 17 in the first column and 3 in the top 
column, the intersection gives 2.23804. The constant 2 
is always one less than the number of figures. 

We then have Log 173 = 2.23804 
Similarly Log 317 = 2.50105 



Minus 


Log of 13 


473909 
1 =2.11727 








2.62182 




The number corresponding to 
>und thus, from the table: 


this 


logarithm is 




62221 = 
62118 = 


= Log 419 
= Log 418 

= difference 








103 = 






62182 
62118 










64 






103 


10 — - 6 







Therefore the number corresponding to 2.62182 = 41&.6 

342 



General tables. 

Another useful table is table three. If we have an 
angle of say 40 degrees, Fig.332, and wish to know the 
side T, then A is 65 inches. Refer to table three and 
find the tangent of 40 degrees, equal to .8391, and this 
multiplied by 65 gives 54.5415 for the length of T. If 
on the other hand we knew what T was, from this table 
we could obtain what the angle opposite to T must be. 

In a similar way, from table four, w; can find the 




Figure 332 
Showing angles. 



co-tangent and from the table we could obtain the sine 
and cosine of different angles. 

In finding the weight of water in boilers, we know 
the distance from the water level or the top gage cock, 
to the top line of the boiler. See H, Fig. 333. We also 
know the inside diameter of the boiler D and the length 
L for the different sheets. In obtaining the area of the 
segment H, we use table five. 

343 



General tables. 
Area of segment = D 2 X M 

M~*=-^ = .2o6 

D 68 

The value for M corresponding to .206 is found to 
be .116651 by reference to table five. 

Therefore segment area = D 2 X .1116651 

= 68 2 X.i 1 16651 = 541 

The volume of the water in the boiler in gallons 
would be 

(68 area — Segment area) X L 

231 
(3632 — 541) XL 3091 X 116 



231 231 

= 1553 gallons. 

In a similar manner each one of the other courses can be 
calculated. 




The Dtrry Collard Co. 

Figure 333 
Areas of segments. 

344 



Strength of materials. 

Table six gives the properties of saturated steam 
from one to 1,000 pounds pressure. This is useful in de- 
termining the expansion of a boiler. The temperature of 
the boiler plate is obtained from the table by finding the 
temperature corresponding to the working pressure and 
then figuring out the expansion by the use of another 
table. 



Strength of Materials. 

The tensile strength of bolts is given in table seven. 
If we have a bolt ij4 inches in diameter and wish to sup- 
port 5,000 lbs., the stress in this bolt will be about 7,000, 
and similarly if we decide what stress is allowable in a 
given bolt, we can find what pull the bolt will resist from 
the table. 

The breaking strength of bolts is considerably higher 
than the working strength, in fact it is four or five times 
higher as will be noticed by referring to table eight. 
These figures are useful as they represent the pull at 
which the bolt will be broken. 

All the pins, bolts, etc., in a boiler which are to resist 
a bending action should be designed to meet these re- 
quirements. Table nine represents the maximum bend- 
ing moment on pins at various fibre stresses. Let us 
suppose that we have a pin P, Fig. 336, upon which there 
is acting a thrust T, ot 9,000 lbs. We wish to know 
what size pin to put in to resist this thrust. We will sup- 
pose that L is 5 inches, the bending moment will be 

WL 9000 X 5 

= : =11250 



345 



Strength of materials. 

Now referring to table nine, we find in the third 
column 1 1 780, and the diameter corresponding to it is 
two inches. We will therefore use a 2-inch pin. If a 
higher stress is desired another diameter can be picked 
out from the stresses given in this table. 





Figurt 334 
Strength of bolts. 



h-H 



Another thing to be considered in connection with the 
strength of the bolt is the bearing that the bolt has in the 
plates S, Fig. 334. In this particular case it would be y% 
of an inch thick and the area would be^X2X2 = i^ 
inches which would be perfectly safe. If the plates were 
very thin however, let us say a i-inch bolt and two 
34 -inch plates, the area would be y 2 inch, which would 
give a fiber stress of 18,000 lbs., which would be 
too much. We would therefore have i^-inch pin, 
which table 10 tells us gives a bearing value of 12,000 lbs. 
and which would be safe. 

The values of the moments of inertia for sections 
which are commonly used are noted in table 11, also the 
moment of resistance for the same section. It is some- 
times necessary to know the deflection of plates of va- 
rious kinds in connection with the boiler. The kind of 



346 



Equivalents. 

beam, condition of loading, maximum bending moment, 
deflection, etc., are all put in convenient form for refer- 
ence in table 12. 

The thicknesses of the boiler shell for different diam- 
eters and for different conditions of riveting are given 
in table 13. This table is convenient in deciding the 
thickness of the plates which are to be used under the 
different conditions of the boiler and pressure which it 
is to work. 

The thickness of the plates for corrugated furnaces 
like the Yanderbilt type, can be obtained from table 14. 

Table 15 is given so as to enable one to see the 
different conditions specified for fire box steel by some 
of the most prominent railroads and locomotive shops. 



Equivalents. 



The figures in table 16 represent the decimal equiva- 
lent of 32nds, 64ths and other fractions of an inch as 
noted. This table is too frequently used to require any 
special mention. 

In determining the number of square feet in plates, 
table 17 will be found convenient in order to reduce frac- 
tions of a square foot into square inches. 

In a similar manner, table 18 is useful in comparing 
sq. inches with decimal fractions of a sq. ft, length in 
inches can be reduced to decimal fractions of a foot by 
using figures given in table 19. 

The coefficients of linear expansion for a number of 
substances in common use are noted in table 20. Let us 
suppose that we wish to know how much a boiler 25 ft. 
long would expand with a rise of temperature of 350 de- 

347 



Size of materials and weights. 

grees Fahr. In table 20 for steel, we find the coeffi- 
cient equal .0000060. The expansion therefore would be 
.0000060 X 350 X 25 X 12 = .63, which we find is a lit- 
tle greater than ^ of an inch. 



Size of Materials. 

The U. S. standard screw thread and nuts are given 
in table 21, varying from ^ mcn m diameter to 4 
inches in diameter and includes about everything that 
will be used about a boiler. 

Table 22 gives the diameter for lap welded locomo- 
tive boiler tubes varying from one inch to four inches 
in diameter. The length of the tubes per sq. ft. of 
external and internal surfaces is useful in calculating 
the heating surface of boilers. The diameters for the 
standard plate washers are given in table 24. 

Table 23 represents the standard diameter for 
wrought iron, welded, steam, gas, and water pipe. 

The standard sizes for tank rivets are given in table 
25, while table 26 represents the same thing for boiler 
rivets. 



Weights. 

The weight of steel plates per sq. ft. from Vie to lZ A 
inches in thickness are noted in table 27. 

The allowance which must be made in the width 
of the dome plate where the dome flanges curve down 
to the radius of the boiler, is given in table 28. 

It is a well known fact that all boiler plates are 

348 



Weights. 

thicker in the center than they are along the edges of the 
plate. This is due to the fact that the rolls have been 
bent when the sheet was run through the mill. On this 
account plates always overrun in weight and the amount 
is noted in per cent, in table 29, for the various widths 
and thickness of the plate. 

The weights of circular plates are given in table 30. 
The thinner plates are usually carried by plate gages. 
Table 31 gives the figures for the weight per sq. ft. for 
iron, steel, copper, and brass to suit the gage. It also 
shows the thickness in decimals and fractions of an inch 
corresponding to the different gages mentioned. 

As much round and square iron is used on a boiler, 
Table 32 gives the weight per ft. The sizes range from 
Vie to 3 15 /ie m either round or square. 

As there is also a great deal of flat iron used, the 
width in inches of the iron has been grouped in the first 
column, Table 33, and the thickness along the top col- 
umn. The weight per lineal foot is read off from the 
intersection of the two columns. 

In table 34 we have the estimated weights for dif- 
ferent commercial size sheets, while table 35 gives the 
weight per lineal foot of different size steel angles cor- 
responding to the given thickness in inches. 

The number of rivets in 100 lbs., when the size and 
the length of the rivets are known, is given in table 36. 

Table 37 represents the weight of one cubic foot of 
water at various temperatures. The figures here given 
are important in estimating the weight of a boiler under 
working conditions, for as the water expands as the tem- 
perature rises it naturally weighs less per cubic foot. 
The difference between the weight at 32 degrees and 

349 



Weights. 

390 degrees Fahr. is readily seen in the table and must 
be considered in calculations. 

Boilers for foreign customers very often have dimen 
sions given in the metric system, and tables 38, 39 and 
40 will be found very useful in this connection. 




350 



Areas and Circumferences of Circles 
From i -64th to 100. 



Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


A 


.000192 


.04909 


61 


35.7848 


21.2058 


A 


.000767 


.09818 


7 


38.4846 


21.9912 


A 


.003068 


.19635 


4 


41.2826 


22.7766 


* 


.012272 


.3927 


J 


44.1787 


23.562 


A 


.027612 


.589 


3 
4 


47.1731 


24.3474 


i 


.049087 


.7854 


8 


50.2656 


25.1328 


5 

T7j 


.076699 


.98175 


1 
4 


53.4563 


25.9182 


| 


.110447 


1.1781 


I 


56.7451 


26.7036 


A 


.15033 


1.37445 


% 


60.1322 


27.489 


1 


.19635 


1.5708 


9 


63.6174 


28.2744 


9 

T7T 


.248505 


1.76715 


I 


67.2008 


29.0598 


* 


.306796 


1.9635 


I 


70.8823 


29.8452 


11 


.371224 


2.15985 


a 

4 


74.6621 


30.6306 


3 


.441787 


2.3562 


10 


78.54 


31.416 


13 
T 6 


.518487 


2.55255 


£ 


82.5161 


32.2014 


i 


.601322 


2.7489 


I 


86.5903 


32.9868 


l» 


.690292 


2.94525 


I 


90.7628 


33.7722 


.7854 


3.1416 


11 


95.0334 


34.5576 


1 


1.2272 


3.927 


I 


99.4022 


35.343 


i 


1.7671 


4.7124 


h 


103.8691 


36.1284 


1 


2.4053 


5.4978 


3 

4 


108.4343 


36.9138 


2 


3.1416 


6.2832 


12 


113.098 


37.6992 


J 


3.9761 


7.0686 


I 


117.859 


38.4846 


1 


4.9087 


7.854 


1 
2 


122.719 


39.27 


1 


5.9396 


8.6384 


% 


127.677 


40.0554 


3 


7.0686 


9.4248 


13 


132.733 


40.8408 


J 


8.2958 


10.2102 


4 


137.887 


41.6262 


£ 


9.6211 


10.9956 


I 


143.139 


42.4116 


3 

3 


11.0447 


11.781 


3 

4 


148.49 


43.197 


4 


12.5664 


12.5664 


14 


153.938 


43.9824 


\ 


14.1863 


13.3518 


I 


159.485 


44.7678 


I 


15.9043 


14.1372 


2 


165.13 


45.5532 


% 


17.7206 


14.9226 


3 

4 


170.874 


46.3386 


5 


19.635 


15.708 


15 


176.715 


47.124 


\ 


21.6476 


16.4934 


I 


182.655 


47.9094 


1 
2 


23.7583 


17.2788 


I 


188.692 


48.6948 


1 


25.9673 


18.0642 


1 


194.828 


49.4802 


6 


28.2744 


18.8496 


16 


201.062 


50.2656 


1 


30.6797 


19.635 


4 


207.395 


51.051 


£ 


33.1831 


20.4204 


h 


213.825 


51.8364 



351 



Areas and Circumferences of Circles 
(Continued) . 



Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


161 


220.354 


52.6218 


28 


615.754 


87.9648 


17 


226.981 


53.4072 


I 


626.798 


88.7502 


1 


233.706 


54.1926 


ft 


637.941 


89.5356 


i 


240.529 


54.978 


I 


649.182 


90.321 


3 


247.45 


55.7634 


29 


660.521 


91.1064 


18 


254.47 


56.5488 


\ 


671.959 


91.8918 


\ 


261.587 


57.3342 


ft 


683.494 


92.6772 


I 


268.803 


58.1196 


1 


695.128 


93.4626 


1 


276.117 


58.905 


30 


706.86 


94.248 


19 


283.529 


59.6904 


\ 


718.69 


95.0334 


\ 


291.04 


60.4758 


i 


730.618 


95.8188 


\ 


298.648 


61.2612 


1 


742.645 


96.6042 


2 


306.355 


62.0466 


31 


754.769 


97.3896 


20 


314.16 


62.832 


I 


766.992 


98.175 


\ 


322.063 


63.6174 


I 


779.313 


98.9604 


\ 


330.064 


64.4028 


1 


791.732 


99.7458 


1 


338.164 


65.1882 


32 


804.25 


100.5312 


21 


346.361 


65.9736 


\ 


816.865 


101.3166 


\ 


354.657 


66.759 


I 


829.579 


102.102 


\ 


363.051 


67.5444 


I 


842.391 


102.8874 


1 


371.543 


68.3298 


33 


855.301 


103.673 


22 


380.134 


69.1152 


\ 


868.309 


104.458 


\ 


388.822 


69.9006 


I 


881.415 


105.244 


I 


397.609 


70.686 


I 


' 894.62 


106.029 


I 


406.494 


71.4714 


34 


907.922 


106.814 


23 


415.477 


72.2568 


I 


921.323 


107.6 


J 


424.558 


73.0422 


I 


934.822 


108.385 


I 


433.737 


73.8276 


I 


948.42 


109.171 


1 


443.015 


74.613 


35 


962.115 


109.956 


24 


452.39 


75.3984 


\ 


975.909 


110.741 


I 


461.864 


76.1838 


I 


989.8 


111.527 


ft 


471.436 


76.9692 


1 


1003.79 


112.312 


3 


481.107 


77.7546 


36 


1017.878 


113.098 


25 


490.875 


78.54 


\ 


1032.065 


113.883 


3. 

-4 


500.742 


79.3254 


I 


1046.349 


114.668 


2 


510.706 


80.1108 


3 

4 


1060.732 


115.454 


1 


520.769 


80.8962 


37 


1075.213 


116.239 


26 


530.93 


81.6816 


\ 


1089.792 


117.025 


J 


541.19 


82.467 


I 


1104.469 


117.81 


1 


551.547 


83.2524 


% 


1119.244 


118.595 


1 


562.003 


84.0378 


38 


1134.118 


119.381 


27 


572.557 


84.8232 


\ 


1149.089 


120.166 


J 


583.209 


85.6086 


I 


1164.159 


120.952 


ft 


593.959 


86.394 


1 


1179.327 


121.737 


3 


604.807 


87.1794 


39 


1194.593 


122.522 



352 



Areas and Circumferences of Circles 
(Continued) . 



Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


39i 


1209.958 


123.308 


50J 


2002.97 


158.651 


I 


1225.42 


124.093 


1 


2022.85 


159.436 


1 


1240.981 


124.879 


51 


2042.83 


160.222 


40 


1256.64 


125.664 


\ 


2062.9 


161.007 


I 


1272.397 


126.449 


I 


2083.08 


161.792 


b 


1288.252 


127.235 


1 


2103.35 


162.578 


I 


1304.206 


128.02 


52 


2123.72 


163.363 


41 


1320.257 


128.806 


\ 


2144.19 


164.149 


1 


1336.407 


129.591 


I 


2164.76 


164.934 


h 


1352.655 


130.376 


4 


2185.42 


165.719 


% 


1339.001 


131.162 


53 


2206.19 


166.505 


42 


1385.45 


131.947 


\ 


2227.05 


167.29 


\ 


1401.99 


132.733 


i 

2 


2248.01 


168.076 


I 


1418.63 


133.518 


1 


2269.07 


168.861 


1 


1435.37 


134.303 


54 


2290.23 


169.646 


43 


1452.2 


135.089 


\ 


2311.48 


170.432 


£ 


1469.14 


135.874 


I 


2332.83 


171.217 


1 


1488.17 


136.66 


3 

4 


2354.29 


172.003 


1 


1503.3 


137.445 


55 


2375.83 


172.788 


44 


1520.53 


138.23 


i 


2397.48 


173.573 


1 


1537.86 


139.016 


i 


2419.23 


174.359 


I 


1555.29 


139.801 


3 

4 


2441.07 


175.144 


1 


1572.81 


140.587 


56 


2463.01 


175.93 


45 


1590.43 


141.372 


i 

4 


2485.05 


176.715 


1 


1608.16 


142.157 


a. 

2 


2507.19 


177.5 


i 


1625.97 


142.943 


3 

4 


2529.43 


178.286 


1 


1643.89 


143.728 


57 


2551.76 


179.071 


46 


1661.91 


144.514 


4 


2574.2 


179.857 


I 


1680.02 


145.299 


2 


2596.73 


180.642 


i 

2 


1698.23 


146.084 


1 


2619.36 


181.427 


2 


1716.54 


146.87 


58 


2642.09 


182.213 


47 


1734.95 


147.655 


4 


2664.91 


182.998 


I 


1753.45 


148.441 


2 


2687.84 


183.784 


h 


1772.06 


149.226 


1 


2710.86 


184.569 


3 

3 


1790.76 


150.011 


59 


2733.98 


185.354 


48 


1809.56 


150.797 


4 


2757.2 


186.14 


£ 


1828.46 


151.582 


J 


2780.51 


186.925 


h' 


1847.46 


152.368 


3 

4 


2803.93 


187.711 


3 

4 


1866.55 


153.153 


60 


2827.44 


188.496 


49 


1885.75 


153.938 


i 

4 


2851.05 


189.281 


1 


1905.04 


154.724 


i 


2874.76 


190.067 


I 


1924.43 


155.509 


1 


2898.57 


190.852 


% 


1943.91 


156.295 


61 


2922.47 


191.638 


50 


1963.5 


157.08 


i 

4 


2946.48 


192.423 


1 


1983.18 


157.865 


1 
2 


2970.58 


193.208 



353 



Areas and Circumferences of Circles 
(Continued) . 



Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


Diam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


613 


2994.78 


193.994 


73 


4185.4 


229.337 


62 


3019.08 


194.779 


4 


4214.11 


230.122 


4 


3043.47 


195.565 


I 


4242.93 


230.908 


h 


3067.97 


196.35 


% 


4271.84 


231 693 


1 


3092.56 


197.135 


74 


4300.85 


232.478 


63 


3117.25 


197.921 


4 


4329.96 


233.264 


4 


3142.04 


198.706 


I 


4359.17 


234.049 


1 


3166.93 


199.492 


i 


4388.47 


234.835 


1 


3191.91 


200.277 


75 


4417.87 


235.62 


64 


3217. 


201.062 


4 


4447.38 


236.405 


4 


3242.18 


201.848 


I 


4476.98 


237.191 


-i 


3267.46 


202.633 


1 


4506.67 


237.976 


1 


3292.84 


203.419 


76 


4536.47 


238.762 


65 


3318.31 


204.204 


4 


4566.36 


239.547 


J 


3343.89 


204.989 


I 


4596.36 


240.332 


a 


3369.56 


205.775 


I 


4626.45 


241.118 


i 


3395.33 


206.56 


77 


4656.64 


241.903 


66 


3421.2 


207.346 


4 


4686.92 


242.689 


4 


3447.17 


208.131 


I 


4717.31 


243.474 


h 


3473.24 


208.916 


i 


4747.79 


244.259 


1 


3499.4 


209.702 


78 


4778.37 


245.045 


67 


3525.66 


210.487 


4 


4809.05 


245.83 


4 


3552.02 


211.273 


h 


4839.83 


246.616 


I 


3578.48 


212.058 


1 


4870.71 


247.401 


% 


3605.04 


212.843 


79 


4901.68 


248.186 


68 


3631.69 


213.629 


4 


4932.75 


248.972 


4 


3658.44 


214.414 


I 


4963.92 


249.757 


I 


3685.29 


215.2 


% 


4995.19 


250.543 


% 


3712.24 


215.985 


80 


5026.56 


251.328 


69 


3739.29 


216.77 


4 


5058.03 


252.113 


J 


3766.43 


217.556 


I 


5089.59 


252.899 


a 


3793.68 


218.341 


% 


5121.25 


253.684 


i 


3821.02 


219.127 


81 


5153.01 


254.47 


70 


3848.46 


219.912 


i 

4 


5184.87 


255.255 


i 


3876. 


220.697 


I 


5216.82 


256.04 


i 


3903.63 


221.483 


3 

4 


5218.88 


256.826 


1 


3931.37 


222.268 


82 


5281.03 


257.611 


71 


3959.2 


223.054 


4 


5313.28 


258.397 


4 


3987.13 


223.839 


I 


5345.63 


259.182 


h 


4015.16 


224.624 


% 


5378.08 


259.967 


1 


4043.29 


225.41 


83 


5410.62 


260.753 


72 


4071.51 


226.195 


4 


5443.26 


261.538 


4 


4099.84 


226.981 


I 


5476.01 


262.324 


I 


4128.26 


227.766 


I 


5508.84 


263.109 


% 


4156.78 


228.551 


84 


5541.78 


263.894 



354 



Areas and Circumferences of Circles 
{Concluded) . 



::,... 


Area. 


Circum. 


Biam. 


Area. 


Circum. 


841 


5574.82 


264.68 


921 


6756.45 


291.383 


k 


5607.95 


265.465 


93 


6792.92 


292.169 


3 
4 


5641.18 


266.251 


i 

4 


6829.49 


292.954 


85 


5674.51 


267.036 


i 


6866.16 


293.74 


£ 


5707.94 


267.821 


I 


6902.93 


294.525 


I 


5741.47 


268.607 


94 


6939.79 


295.31 


3 
1 


5775.1 


269.392 


i 

4 


6976.76 


296.096 


86 


5808.82 


270.178 


2 


7013.82 


296.881 


4 


5842.64 


270.963 


4 


7050.98 


297.667 


1 
2 


5876.56 


271.748 


95 


7088.23 


298.452 


1 


5910.58 


272.534 


4 


7125.59 


299.237 


87 


5944.69 


273.319 


I 


7163.04 


300.023 


I 


5978.91 


274.105 


1 


7200.6 


300.808 


i 


6013.22 


274.89 


96 


7238.25 


301.594 


1 


6047.63 


275.675 


i 

4 


7275.99 


302.379 


88 


6082.14 


276.461 


1 
2 


7313.84 


303.164 


1 


6116.74 


277.246 


1 


7351.79 


303.95 


i 


6151.45 


278.032 


97 


7389.83 


304.735 


I 


6186.25 


278.817 


I 


7427.97 


305.521 


89 


6221.15 


279.602 


h 


7466.21 


306.306 


i 

4 


6256.15 


280.388 


3 

4 


7504.55 


307.091 


1 
2 


6291.25 


281.173 


98 


7542.98 


307.877 


1 


6326.45 


281.959 


I 


7581.52 


308.662 


90 


6361.74 


282.744 


i 

2 


7620.15 


309.448 


i 


6397.13 


283.529 


1 


7658.88 


310.233 


i 


6432.62 


284.315 


99 


7697.71 


311.018 


3 

4 


6468.21 


285.1 


I 


7736.63 


311.804 


91 


6503.9 


285.886 


I 


7775.66 


312.589 


1 


6539.68 


286.671 


3 

4 


7814.78 


313.375 


i 


6575.56 


287.456 


100 


7854. 


314.16 


I 


6611.55 


288.242 


I 


7893.32 


314.945 


92 


6647.63 


289.027 


I 


7932.74 


315.731 


i 

4 


6683.8 


289.813 


3 

4 


7972.25 


316.516 


1 
2 


6720.08 


290.598 


• 







355 



Table No. 2. 
Logarithms of Numbers, from o to 1000. 









1 


2 


3 


4 1 5 


6 


7 


8 


9 








00000 


30103 


47712 


60206 


69S97 


77815 


84510 


90309 


95424 


10 


00000 


00432 


00860 


01283 


01703 


02118 


02530 


02938 


03342 


03742 


11 


04139 


04532 


04921 


05307 


05690 


06069 


06445 


06818 


07188 


07554 


12 


07918 


08278 


08636 


08990 


09342 


09691 


10037 


10380 


10721 


11059 


13 


11394 


11727 


12057 


12385 


12710 


13033 


13353 


13672 


13987 


14301 


14 


14613 


14921 


15228 


15533 


15836 


16136 


16435 


16731 


17026 


17318 


15 


17609 


17897 


18184 


18469 


18752 


19033 


19312 


19590 


19865 


20139 


16 


20412 


20682 


20951 


21218 


21484 


21748 


22010 


22271 


22530 


22788 


17 


23045 


23299 


23552 


23804 


24054 


24303 


24551 


24797 


25042 


25285 


18 


25527 


25767 


26007 


26245 


26481 


26717 


26951 


27184 


27415 


27646 


19 


27875 


28103 


28330 


28555 


28780 


29003 


29225 


29446 


29666 


29885 


20 


30103 


30319 


30535 


30749 


30963 


31175 


31386 


31597 


31806 


32014 


21 


32222 


32428 


32633 


32838 


33041 


33243 


33445 


33646 


33845 


34044 


22 


34242 


34439 


34635 


34830 


35024 


35218 


35410 


35602 


35793 


35983 


23 


36173 


36361 


36548 


36735 


36921 


37103 


37291 


37474 


37657 


37839 


24 


38021 


38201 


38381 


38560 


38739 


38916 


39093 


39269 


39445 


39619 


25 


39794 


39967 


40140 


40312 


40483 


40654 


40824 


40993 


41162 


41330 


26 


41497 


41664 


41830 


41995 


42160 


42324 


42488 


42651 


42813 


42975 


27 


43136 


43296 


43456 


43616 


43775 


43933 


44090 


44248 


44404 


44560 


2S 


44716 


44870 


45024 


45178 


45331 


45484 


45636 


45788 


45939 


46089 


29 


46240 


46389 


46538 


46686 


46834 


46982 


47129 


47275 


47421 


47567 


30 


47712 


47856 


48000 


48144 


48287 


48430 


48572 


48713 


48855 


48995 


31 


49136 


49276 


49415 


49554 


49693 


49831 


49968 


50105 


50242 


50379 


32 


50515 


50650 


50785 


50920 


51054 


51188 


51321 


51454 


51587 


51719 


33 


51851 


51982 


52113 


52244 


52374 


52504 


52633 


52763 


52891 


53020 


34 


53148 


53275 


53402 


53529 


53655 


53781 


53907 


54033 


54157 


54282 


35 


54407 


54530 


54654 


54777 


54900 


55022 


55145 


55266 


55388 


55509 


36 


55330 


55750 


55870 


55990 


56110 


56229 


56348 


56466 


56584 


56702 


37 


5S820 


56937 


57054 


57170 


57287 


57403 


57518 


57634 


57749 


57863 


38 


57978 


58092 


58206 


58319 


58433 


58546 


58658 


58771 


58883 


58995 


39 


59106 


59217 


59328 


59439 


59549 


59659 


59769. 


59879 


59988 


60097 


40 


60206 


60314 


60422 


60530 


60638 


60745 


60852 


60959 


61066 


61172 


41 


61278 


61384 


61489 


61595 


61700 


61804 


61909 


62013 


62118 


622 '1 


42 


62325 


62428 


62531 


62634 


62736 


62838 


62941 


63042 


63144 


63245 


43 


63347 


63447 


63548 


63648 


63749 


63848 


63948 


64048 


64147 


64246 


44 


64345 


64443 


64542 


64640 


64738 


64836 


64933 


65030 


65127 


65224 


45 


65321 


65417 


65513 


65609 


65705 


65801 


65896 


65991 


66086 


66181 


46 


66276 


66370 


66464 


66558 


66651 


66745 


66838 


66931 


67024 


67117 


47 


67210 


67302 


67394 


67486 


67577 


67669 


677C0 


67851 


67942 


68033 


48 


68124 


68214 


68304 


68394 


68484 


68574 


68663 


68752 


68842 


68930 


49 


69020 


69108 


69196 


69284 


69372 


69460 


69548 


69635 


69722 


69810 


50 


69897 


69983 


70070 


70156 


70243 


70329 


70415 


70500 


70586 


70671 


51 


70757 


70842 


70927 


71011 


71096 


71180 


71235 


71349 


71433 


71516 


52 


71600 


71683 


71767 


71850 


71933 


72015 


72098 


72181 


72263 


72345 


53 


72428 


72509 


72591 


72672 


72754 


72835 


72916 


72997 


73078 


73158 


54 


73239 


73319 


73399 


73480 


73559 


73639 


73719 


73798 


73878 


73957 



356 



Logarithms of Numbers, from o to iooo. 
(Continued) . 



6 





1 


2 


3 


1 * 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


55 


74036 


74115 


74193 


74272 


74351 


74429 


74507 


74585 


74663 


74741 


56 


74S1S 


74896 


74973 


75050 


75127 


75204 


75281 


75358 


75434 


75511 


57 


75587 


75663 


75739 


75815 


75891 


75966 


76042 


76117 


76192 


76267 


5S 


76342 


76417 


76492 


76566 


76641 


76715 


76789 


76863 


76937 


77011 


59 


770S5 


7715S 


77232 


77305 


77378 


77451 


77524 


77597 


77670 


77742 


60 


77S15 


77887 


77959 


78031 


78103 


78175 


7S247 


78318 


78390 


78461 


61 


78533 


78604 


7S675 


78746 


78S16 


78887 


78958 


79028 


79098 


79169 


62 


79239 


79309 


79379 


7944S 


7951S 


79588 


79657 


79726 


79796 


79865 


63 


79934 


80002 


80071 


80140 


80208 


80277 


80345 


80413 


80482 


80550 


64 


80618 


80685 


80753 


80821 


80SSS 


S0956 


81023 


81090 


81157 


81224 


65 


81291 


8135S 


81424 


81491 


81557 


81624 


81690 


81756 


81822 


81888 


66 


81954 


82020 


820S5 


82151 


82216 


82282 


82347 


82412 


82477 


82542 


67 


82607 


82672 


82736 


82801 


82866 


82930 


82994 


83058 


83123 


83187 


68 


83250 


83314 


83378 


83442 


83505 


83569 


83632 


83695 


83758 


83821 


69 


83S84 


83947 


S4010 


84073 


84136 


84198 


84260 


84323 


84385 


84447 


70 


84509 


84571 


84633 


84695 


84757 


84818 


84880 


84941 


85003 


85064 


71 


S5125 


S51S7 


85248 


85309 


85369 


85430 


85491 


85551 


85612 


85672 


72 


S5733 


85793 


85853 


85913 


85973 


86033 


86093 


86153 


86213 


86272 


73 


86332 


86391 


S6451 


86510 


86569 


86628 


86687 


86746 


86805 


86864 


74 


86923 


86981 


87040 


87098 


87157 


87215 


87273 


87332 


87390 


87448 


75 


87506 


87564 


S7621 


87679 


S7737 


87794 


87852 


87909 


87966 


88024 


76 


8S0S1 


88138 


88195 


8S252 


88309 


88366 


88422 


88479 


88536 


88592 


77 


8S649 


88705 


88761 


88818 


88874 


88930 


88986 


89042 


89098 


89153 


78 


89209 


89265 


89320 


89376 


89431 


89487 


89542 


89597 


89652 


89707 


79 


89762 


89817 


89872 


89927 


89982 


90036 


90091 


90145 


90200 


90254 


80 


90309 


90363 


90417 


90471 


90525 


9057S 


90633 


90687 


90741 


90794 


81 


90848 


90902 


90955 


91009 


91062 


91115 


91169 


91222 


91275 


91328 


82 


913S1 


91434 


91487 


91540 


91592 


91645 


91698 


91750 


91803 


91855 


83 


91907 


91960 


92012 


92064 


92116 


92168 


92220 


92272 


92324 


92376 


84 


92427 


92479 


92531 


92582 


92634 


92685 


92737 


92788 


92839 


92890 


85 


92941 


92993 


92044 


93095 


93146 


93196 


93247 


93298 


93348 


93399 


86 


93449 


93500 


9E550 


93601 


93651 


93701 


93751 


93802 


93852 


93902 


87 


93951 


94001 


94051 


94101 


94151 


94200 


94250 


94300 


94349 


94398 


88 


94448 


94497 


94546 


94596 


94645 


94694 


94743 


94792 


94841 


94890 


89 


94939 


94987 


95036 


95085 


95133 


95182 


95230 


95279 


95327 


95376 


90 


95424 


95472 


95520 


95568 


95616 


95664 


95712 


95760 


95808 


95856 


91 


95904 


95951 


95999 


96047 


96094 


96142 


96189 


96236 


96284 


96331 


92 


96378 


96426 


96473 


96520 


96567 


96614 


9P661 


96708 


96754 


96801 


93 


96848 


96895 


96941 


96988 


97034 


97081 


97127 


97174 


97220 


97266 


94 


97312 


97359 


97405 


97451 


97497 


97543 


97589 


97635 


97680 


97726 


95 


97772 


97818 


97863 


97909 


97954 


98000 


98045 


98091 


98136 


98181 


96 


98227 


98272 


98317 


98362 


9S407 


98452 


98497 


98542 


98587 


98632 


97 


98677 


98721 


98766 


98811 


98855 


98900 


98945 


98989 


99033 


99078 


98 


99122 


99166 


99211 


99255 


99299 


99343 


99387 


99431 


99475 


99519 


99 


99563 


99607 


99651 


99694 


99738 


99782 


99825 


99869 


99913 


99956 



357 



Table No. 3. 
Natural Tangents. 



Deg. 


0' 


IV 


20' 


80' 


40' 


W 


Deg. 





0000 


0029 


0058 


0087 


0116 


0145 


89 


1 


0175 


0204 


0233 


0262 


0291 


0320 


88 


2 


0349 


0378 


0407 


0437 


0466 


0495 


87 


3 


0524 


0553 


0582 


0612 


0641 


0670 


86 


4 


0699 


0729 


0758 


0787 


0816 


0846 


85 


5 


0875 


0904 


0934 


0963 


0992 


1022 


84 


6 


1051 


1080 


1110 


1139 


1169 


1198 


83 


7 


1228 


1257 


1287 


1317 


1346 


1376 


82 


8 


1405 


1435 


1465 


1495 


1524 


1554 


81 


9 


1584 


1614 


1644 


1673 


1703 


1733 


80 


10 


1763 


1793 


1823 


1853 


1883 


1914 


79 


11 


1944 


1974 


2004 


2035 


2065 


2095 


78 


12 


2126 


2156 


2186 


2217 


2247 


2278 


77 


13 


2309 


2339 


2370 


2401 


2432 


2462 


76 


14 


2493 


2524 


2555 


2586 


2617 


2648 


75 


15 


2679 


2711 


2742 


2773 


2805 


2836 


74 


16 


2867 


2899 


2931 


2962 


2994 


3026 


73 


17 


3057 


3089 


3121 


3153 


3185 


3217 


72 


18 


3249 


3281 


3314 


3346 


3378 


3-411 


71 


19 


3443 


3476 


3508 


3541 


3574 


3607 


70 


20 


3640 


3673 


3706 


3739 


3772 


3805 


69 


21 


3839 


3872 


3906 


3939 


3973 


4006 


68 


22 


404§ 


4074 


4108 


4142 


4176 


4210 


67 


23 


4245 


4279 


4314 


4348 


4383 


4417 


66 


24 


4452 


4487 


4522 


4557 


4592 


4628 


65 


25 


4663 


4699 


4734 


4770 


4806 


4841 


64 


26 


4877 


4913 


4950 


4986 


5022 


5059 


63 


27 


5095 


5132 


5169 


5206 


5243 


5280 


62 


28 


5317 


5354 


5392 


5430 


5467 


5505 


61 


29 


5543 


5581 


5619 


5658 


5696 


5735 


60 


30 


5774 


5812 


5851 


5890 


5930 


5969 


59 


31 


6009 


6048 


6088 


6128 


6168 


6208 


58 


32 


6249 


6289 


6330 


6371 


6412 


6453 


57 


33 


6494 


6536 


6577 


6619 


6661 


6703 


56 


34 


6745 


6787 


6830 


6873 


6916 


6959 


55 


35 


7002 


7046 


7089 


7133 


7177 


7221 


54 


36 


7265 


7310 


7355 


7400 


7445 


7490 


53 


37 


7536 


7581 


7627 


7673 


7720 


7766 


52 


38 


7813 


7860 


7907 


7954 


8002 


8050 


51 


39 


8098 


8146 


8195 


8243 


8292 


8342 


50 


Deg. 


6C 


5C 


4C 


30' 


20' 


10' 


Deg. 



Natural Cotangents. 
358 



Natural Tangents (Continued) 



Deg. 


0' 


10' 


20' 


30' 


40' 


50' 


Deg. 


40 


8391 


8441 


8491 


8541 


8591 


8642 


49 


41 


8693 


8744 


8796 


8847 


8899 


8952 


48 


42 


9004 


9057 


9110 


9163 


9217 


9271 


47 


43 


9325 


9380 


9435 


9490 


9545 


9601 


46 


44 


9657 


9713 


9770 


9827 


9884 


9942 


45 


45 


1.0000 


1.0058 


1.0117 


1.0176 


1.0235 


1.0295 


44 


46 


1.0355 


1.0416 


1.0477 


1.0538 


1.0599 


1.0661 


43 


47 


1.0724 


1.0786 


1.0850 


1.0913 


1.0977 


1.1041 


42 


48 


1.1106 


1.1171 


1.1237 


1.1303 


1.1369 


1.1436 


41 


49 


1.1504 


1.1571 


1.1640 


1.1708 


1.1778 


1.1847 


40 


50 


1.1918 


1.1988 


1.2059 


1.2131 


1.2203 


1.2276 


39 


51 


1.2349 


1.2423 


1.2497 


1.2572 


1.2647 


1.2723 


38 


52 


1.2799 


1.2876 


1.2954 


1.3032 


1.3111 


1.3190 


37 


53 


1.3270 


1.3351 


1.3432 


1.3514 


1.3597 


1.3680 


36 


54 


1.3764 


1.3848 


1.3934 


1.4019 


1.4106 


1.4193 


35 


55 


1.4281 


1.4370 


1.4460 


1.4550 


1.4641 


1.4733 


34 


56 


1.4826 


1.4919 


1.5013 


1.5108 


1.5204 


1.5301 


33 


57. 


1.5399 


1.5497 


1.5597 


1.5697 


1.5798 


1.5900 


32 


58 


1.6003 


1.6107 


1.6212 


1.6319 


1.6426 


1.6534 


31 


59 


1.6643 


1.6753 


1.6864 


1.6977 


1.7090 


1.7205 


30 


60 


1.7321 


1.7437 


1.7556 


1.7675 


1.7796 


1.7917 


29 


61 


1.8040 


1.8165 


1.8291 


1.8418 


1.8546 


1.8676 


28 


62 


1.8807 


1.8940 


1.9074 


1.9210 


1.9347 


1.9486 


27 


63 


1.9626 


1.9768 


1.9912 


2.0057 


2.0204 


2.0353 


26 


64 


2.0503 


2.0655 


2.0809 


2.0965 


2.1123 


2.1283 


25 


65 


2.1445 


2.1609 


2.1775 


2.1943 


2.2113 


2.2286 


24 


66 


2.2460 


2.2637 


2.2817 


2.2998 


2.3183 


2.3369 


23 


67 


2.3559 


2.3750 


2.3945 


2.4142 


2.4342 


2.4545 


22 


68 


2.4751 


2.4960 


2.5172 


2.5386 


2.5605 


2.5826 


21 


69 


2.6051 


2.6279 


2.6511 


2.6746 


2.6985 


2.7228 


20 


70 


2.7475 


2.7725 


2.7980 


2.8239 


2.8502 


2.8770 


19 


71 


2.9042 


2.9319 


2.9600 


2.9887 


3.0178 


3.0475 


18 


72 


3.0777 


3.1084 


3.1397 


3.1716 


3.2041 


3.2371 


17 


73 


3.2709 


3.3052 


3.3402 


3.3759 


3.4124 


3.4495 


16 


74 


3.4874 


3.5261 


3.5656 


3.6059 


3.6470 


3.6891 


15 


75 


3.7321 


3.7760 


3.8208 


3.8667 


3.9136 


3.9617 


14 


76 


4.0108 


4.0611 


4.1126 


4.1653 


4.2193 


4.2747 


13 


77 


4.3315 


4.3897 


4.4494 


4.5107 


4.5736 


4.6382 


12 


78 


4.7046 


4.7729 


4.8430 


4.9152 


4.9894 


5.0658 


11 


79 


5.1446 


5.2257 


5.3093 


5.3955 


5.4845 


5.5764 


10 


Deg. 


60' 


50' 


40' 


30' 


20' 


10' 


Deg. 



Natural Cotangents (Continued) 



359 



Natural Tangents (Concluded) 



Deg. 


0' 


W 


, 20' 


.30' 


40' 


50' 


Deg. 


80 


5.6713 


5.7694 


5.8708 


5.9758 


6.0844 


6.1970 


9 


81 


6.3138 


6.4348 


6.5606 


6.6912 


6.8269 


6.9682 


8 


82 


7.1154 


7.2687 


7.4287 


7.5958 


7.7704 


7.9530 


7 


83 


8.1443 


8.3450 


8.5555 


8.7769 


9.0098 


9.2553 


6 


84 


9.5144 


9.7882 


10.0780 


10.3854 


10.7119 


11.0594 


5 


85 


11.4301 


11.8262 


12.2505 


12.7062 


13.1969 


13.7267 


4 


86 


14.3007 


14.9244 


15.6048 


16.3499 


17.1693 


18.0750 


3 


87 


19.0811 


20.2056 


21.4704 


22.9038 


24.5418 


26.4316 


2 


88 


28.6363 


31.2416 


34.3678 


38.1885 


42.9641 


49.1039 


1 


89 


57.2900 


68.7501 


85.9398 


114.5887 


171.8854 


343.7737 





Deg. 


60' 


50' 


40' 


30' 


20' 


10' 


Deg. 



Natural Cotangents (Concluded) . 



360 



Table No. 4. 
Natural Sines. 



Deg. 





10' 


20' 


30' 


40' 


50' 


Deg. 





0000 


0029 


0058 


0087 


0116 


0145 


89 


1 


0175 


0204 


0233 


0262 


0291 


0320 


88 


2 


0349 


0378 


0407 


0436 


0465 


0494 


87 


3 


0523 


0552 


0581 


0610 


0640 


0669 


86 


4 


0698 


0727 


0756 


0785 


0814 


0843 


85 


5 


0872 


0901 


0929 


0958 


0987 


1016 


84 


6 


1045 


1074 


1103 


1132 


1161 


1190 


83 


7 


1219 


1248 


1276 


1305 


1334 


1363 


82 


8 


1392 


1421 


1449 


1478 


1507 


1536 


81 


9 


1564 


1593 


1622 


1650 


1679 


1708 


80 


10 


1736 


1765 


1794 


1822 


1851 


1880 


79 


11 


1908 


1937 


1965 


1994 


2022 


2051 


78 


12 


2079 


2108 


2136 


2164 


2193 


2221 


77 


13 


2250 


2278 


2306 


2334 


2363 


2391 


76 


14 


2419 


2447 


2476 


2504 


2532 


2560 


75 


15 


2588 


2616 


2644 


2672 


2700 


2728 


74 


16 


2756 


2784 


2812 


2840 


2868 


2896 


73 


17 


2924 


2952 


2979 


3007 


3035 


3062 


72 


18 


3090 


3118 


3145 


3173 


3201 


3228 


71 


19 


3256 


3283 


3311 


3338 


3365 


3393 


70 


20 


3420 


3448 


3475 


3502 


3529 


3557 


69 


21 


3584 


3611 


3638 


3665 


3692 


3719 


68 


22 


3746 


3773 


3800 


3827 


3854 


3881 


67 


23 


3907 


3934 


3961 


3987 


4014 


4041 


66 


24 


4067 


4094 


4120 


4147 


4173 


4200 


65 


25 


4226 


4253 


4279 


4305 


4331 


4358 


64 


26 


4384 


4410 


4436 


4462 


4488 


4514 


63 


27 


4540 


4566 


4592 


4617 


4643 


4669 


62 


28 


4695 


4720 


4746 


4772 


4797 


4823 


61 


29 


4848 


4874 


4899 


4924 


4950 


4975 


60 


30 


5000 


5025 


5050 


5075 


5100 


5125 


59 


31 


5150 


5175 


5200 


5225 


5250 


5275 


58 


32 


5299 


5324 


5348 


5373 


5398 


5422 


57 


33 


5446 


5471 


5495 


5519 


5544 


5568 


56 


34 


5592 


5616 


5640 


5664 


5688 


5712 


55 


35 


5736 


5760 


5783 


5807 


5831 


5854 


54 


36 


5878 


5901 


5925 


5948 


5972 


5995 


53 


37 


6018 


6041 


6065 


6088 


6111 


6134 


52 


38 


6157 


6180 


6202 


6225 


6248 


6271 


51 


39 


6293 


6316 


6338 


6361 


6383 


6406 


50 


Deg. 


1 &y 


5(y 


4C 


30' 


20' 


10* 


Deg. 



Natural Cosines. 



361 



Natural Sines (Continued). 



Deg. 


0' 


10' 


20' 


30' 


40' 


50 7 


Deg. 


40 


6428 


6450 


6472 


6494 


6517 


6539 


49 


41 


6561 


6583 


6604 


6626 


6648 


6670 


48 


42 


6691 


6713 


6734 


6756 


6777 


6799 


47 


43 


6820 


6841 


6862 


6884 


6905 


6926 


46 


44 


6947 


6967 


6988 


7009 


7030 


7050 


45 


45 


7071 


7092 


7112 


7133 


7153 


7173 


44 


46 


7193 


7214 


7234 


7254 


7274 


7294 


43 


47 


7314 


7333 


7353 


7373 


7392 


7412 


42 


48 


7431 


7451 


7470 


7490 


7509 


7528 


41 


49 


7547 


7566 


7585 


7604 


7623 


7642 


40 


50 


7660 


7679 


7698 


7716 


7735 


7753 


39 


51 


7771 


7790 


7808 


7826 


7844 


7862 


38 


52 


7880 


7898 


7916 


7934 


7951 


7969 


37 


53 


7986 


8004 


8021 


8039 


8056 


8073 


36 


54 


8090 


8107 


8124 


8141 


8158 


8175 


35 


55 


8192 


8208 


8225 


8241 


8258 


8274 


34 


56 


8290 


8307 


8323 


8339 


8355 


8371 


33 


57 


8387 


8403 


8418 


8434 


8450 


8465 


32 


58 


8480 


8496 


8511 


8526 


8542 


8557 


31 


59 


8572 


8587 


8601 


8616 


8631 


8646 


30 


60 


8660 


8675 


8689 


8704 


8718 


8732 


29 


61 


8746 


8760 


8774 


8788 


8802 


8816 


28 


62 


8829 


8843 


8857 


8870 


8884 


8897 


27 


63 


8910 


8923 


8936 


8949 


8962 


8975 


26 


64 


8988 


9001 


9013 


9026 


9038 


9051 


25 


65 


9063 


9075 


9088 


9100 


9112 


9124 


24 


66 


9135 


9147 


9159 


9171 


9182 


9194 


23 


67 


9205 


9216 


9228 


9239 


9250 


9261 


22 


68 


9272 


9283 


9293 


9304 


9315 


9325 


21 


69 


9336 


9346 


9356 


9367 


9377 


9387 


20 


70 


9397 


9407 


9417 


9426 


9436 


9446 


19 


71 


9455 


9465 


9474 


9483 


9492 


9502 


18 


72 


9511 


9520 


9528 


9537 


9546 


9555 


17 


73 


5563 


9572 


9580 


9588 


9596 


9605 


16 


74 


9613 


9621 


9628 


9636 


9644 


9652 


15 


75 


9659 


9667 


9674 


9681 


9689 


9696 


14 


76 


9703 


9710 


9717 


9724 


9730 


9737 


13 


77 


9744 


9750 


9757 


9763 


9769 


9775 


12 


78 


9781 


9787 


9793 


9799 


9805 


9811 


11 


79 


9816 


9822 


9827 


9833 


9838 


9843 


10 


Deg. 


60 v 


50' 


40' 


30' 


20' 


10' 


Deg. 




JN 


fatura] 


Cosir] 


ies (Co 


ntinued 


)• 





362 



Natural Sines {Concluded). 



Deg. 


0' 


10' 


20' 


30' 


4fy 


50' 


Deg. 


80 


9848 


9853 


9858 


9863 


9868 


9872 


9 


81 


9877 


9881 


9886 


9890 


9894 


9899 


8 


82 


9903 


9907 


9911 


9914 


9918 


9922 


7 


83 


9925 


9929 


9932 


9936 


9939 


9942 


6 


84 


9945 


9948 


9951 


9954 


9957 


9959 


5 


85 


99G2 


9964 


9367 


9969 


9971 


9974 


4 


86 


9976 


9978 


9980 


9981 


9983 


9985 


3 


87 


9986 


9988 


9989 


9990 


9992 


9993 


2 


88 


9994 


9995 


9996 


9997 


9997 


9998 


1 


89 


9998 


9999 


9999 


9999 


1.0000 


1.0000 





Deg. 


6C 


&y 


40' 


30' 


20' 


10' | 


Deg. 



Natural Cosines (Concluded) . 



3<< 



Table No. 5. 



Areas of Segments of a Circle. 

D=diameter of circle. H=Height of segment. 
Area of segment=D ;! XM. The following table gives values of 

TT 

M corresponding to various values of -j: 



H 




H 




H 




H 




D 


M 


D 


M 


D 


M 


D 


M 


.001 


.000042 


.040 


.010538 


.079 


.028894 


.118 


.052090 


.002 


.000119 


.041 


.010932 


.080 


.029435 


.119 


.052737 


.003 


.000219 


.042 


.011331 


.081 


.029979 


.120 


.053385 


.004 


.000337 


.043 


.011734 


.082 


.030526 


.121 


.054037 


.005 


.000471 


.044 


.012142 


.083 


.031077 


.122 


.054690 


.006 


.000619 


.045 


.012555 


.084 


.031630 


.123 


.055346 


.007 


.000779 


.046 


.012971 


.085 


.032186 


.124 


.056004 


.008 


.000952 


.047 


.013393 


.086 


.032746 


.125 


.056664 


.009 


.001135 


.048 


.013818 


.087 


.033308 


.126 


.057326 


.010 


.001329 


.049 


.014248 


.088 


.033873 


.127 


.057991 


.011 


.001533 


.050 


.014681 


.089 


.034441 


.128 


.058658 


.012 


.001746 


.051 


.015119 


.090 


.035012 


.129 


.059328 


.013 


.001969 


.052 


.015561 


.091 


.035586 


.130 


.059999 


.014 


.002199 


.053 


.016008 


.092 


.036162 


.131 


.060673 


.015 


.002438 


.054 


.016458 


.093 


.036742 


.132 


.061349 


.016 


.002685 


.055 


.016912 


.094 


.037324 


.133 


.062027 


.017 


.002940 


.056 


.017369 


.095 


.037909 


.134 


.062707 


.018 


.003202 


.057 


.017831 


.096 


.038497 


.135 


.063389 


.019 


.003472 


.058 


.018297 


.097 


.039087 


.136 


.064074 


.020 


.003749 


.059 


.018766 


.098 


.039681 


.137 


.064761 


.021 


.004032 


.060 


.019239 


.099 


.040277 


.138 


.065449 


.022 


.004322 


.061 


.019716 


.100 


.040875 


.139 


.066140 


.023 


.004619 


.062 


.020197 


.101 


.041477 


.140 


.066833 


.024 


.004922 


.063 


.020681 


.102 


.042081 


.141 


.067528 


.025 


.005231 


.064 


.021168 


.103 


.042687 


.142 


.068225 


.026 


.005546 


.065 


.021660 


.104 


.043296 


.143 


.068924 


.027 


.005867 


.066 


.022155 


.105 


.043908 


.144 


.069626 


.028 


.006194 


.067 


.022653 


.106 


.044523 


.145 


.070329 


.029 


.006527 


.068 


.023155 


.107 


.045140 


.146 


.071034 


.030 


.006866 


.069 


.023660 


.108 


.045759 


.147 


.071741 


.031 


.007209 


.070 


.024168 


.109 


.046381 


.148 


.072450 


.032 


.007559 


.071 


.024680 


.110 


.047006 


.149 


.073162 


.033 


.007913 


.072 


.025196 


.111 


.047633 


.150 


.073875 


.034 


.008273 


.073 


.025714 


.112 


.048262 


.151 


.074590 


.035 


.008638 


.074 


.026236 


.113 


.048894 


.152 


.075307 


.036 


.009008 


.075 


.026761 


.114 


.049529 


.153 


.076026 


.037 


.009383 


.076 


.027290 


.115 


.050165 


.154 


.076747 


.038 


.009763 


.077 


.027821 


.116 


.050805 


.155 


.077470 


.039 


.010148 


.078 


.028356 


.117 


.051446 


.156 


.078194 



364 



Areas of Segments of a Circle (Continued) 



H 




H 




H 




H 




D 


M 


D 


M 


D 


M 


D 


M 


.157 


.078921 


.200 


.111824 


.243 


.147513 


.286 


.185425 


.153 


.079650 


.201 


.112625 


.244 


.148371 


.287 


.186329 


.159 


.080380 


.202 


.113427 


.245 


.149231 


.288 


.187235 


.160 


.031112 


.203 


.114231 


.246 


.150091 


.289 


.188141 


.161 


.081847 


.204 


.115036 


.247 


.150953 


.290 


.189048 


.162 


.082582 


.205 


.115842 


.248 


.151816 


.291 


.189956 


.163 


.083320 


.206 


.116651 


.249 


.152681 


.292 


.190865 


.164 


.084060 


.207 


.117460 


.250 


.153546 


.293 


.191774 


.165 


.084801 


.208 


.118271 


.251 


.154413 


.294 


.192685 


.166 


.085545 


.209 


.119083 


.252 


.155281 


.295 


.193597 


.167 


.086290 


.210 


.119898 


.253 


.156149 


.296 


.194509 


.168 


.087037 


.211 


.120713 


.254 


.157019 


.297 


.195423 


.169 


.087785 


.212 


.121530 


.255 


.157891 


.298 


.196337 


.170 


.088536 


.213 


.122348 


.256 


.158763 


.299 


.197252 


.171 


.089288 


.214 


.123167 


.257 


.159636 


.300 


.198168 


.172 


.090042 


.215 


.123988 


.258 


.160511 


.301 


.199085 


.173 


.090797 


.216 


.124811 


.259 


.161386 


.302 


.200003 


.174 


.091555 


.217 


.125634 


.260 


.162263 


.303 


.200922 


.175 


.092314 


.218 


.126459 


.261 


.163141 


.304 


.201841 


.176 


.093074 


.219 


.127286 


.262 


.164020 


.305 


.202762 


.177 


.093837 


.220 


.128114 


.263 


.164900 


.306 


.203683 


.178 


.094601 


.221 


.128943 


.264 


.165781 


.307 


• .204605 


.179 


.095367 


.222 


.129773 


.265 


.166663 


.308 


.205528 


.180 


.096135 


.223 


.130605 


.266 


.167546 


.309 


.206452 


.181 


.096904 


.224 


.131438 


.267 


.168431 


.310 


.207376 


.182 


.097675 


.225 


.132273 


.268 


.169316 


.311 


.208302 


.183 


.098447 


.226 


.133109 


.269 


.170202 


.312 


.209228 


.184 


.099221 


.227 


.133946 


.270 


.171090 


.313 


.210155 


.185 


.099997 


.228 


.134784 


.271 


.171978 


.314 


.211083 


.186 


.100774 


.229 


.135824 


.272 


.172868 


.315 


.212011 


.187 


.101553 


.230 


.136465 


.273 


.173758 


.316 


.212941 


.188 


.102334 


.231 


.137307 


.274 


.174650 


.317 


.213871 


.189 


.103116 


.232 


.138151 


.275 


.175542 


.318 


.214802 


.190 


.103900 


.233 


.138996 


.276 


.176436 


.319 


.215734 


.191 


.104686 


.234 


.139842 


.277 


.177330 


.320 


.216666 


.192 


.105472 


.235 


.140689 


.278 


.178226 


.321 


.217600 


.193 


.106261 


.236 


.141538 


.279 


.179122 


.322 


.218534 


.194 


.107051 


.237 


.142388 


.280 


.180020 


.323 


.219469 


.195 


.107843 


.238 


.143239 


.281 


.180918 


.324 


.220404 


.196 


.108636 


.239 


.144091 


.282 


.181818 


.325 


.221341 


.197 


.109431 


.240 


.144945 


.283 


.182718 


.326 


.222278 


.198 


.110227 


.241 


.145800 


.284 


.183619 


.327 


.223216 


.199 


.111025 


.242 


.146655 


.285 


.184522 


.328 


.224154 



365 



Areas of Segments of a Circle {Concluded). 



H 




H 




H 




H 




D 


M 


D 


M 


D 


M 


D 


M 


.329 


.225094 


.372 


.266111 


.415 


.308110 


.458 


.350749 


.330 


.226034 


.373 


.267078 


.416 


.3090i>6 


.459 


.351745 


.331 


.226964 


.374 


.268046 


.417 


.310082 


.460 


.352742 


.332 


.227916 


.375 


.269014 


.418 


.311068 


.461 


.353739 


.333 


.228858 


.376 


.269982 


.419 


.312055 


.462 


.354736 


.334 


.229801 


.377 


.270951 


.420 


.313042 


.463 


.355733 


.335 


.230745 


.378 


.271921 


.421 


.314029 


.464 


.356730 


.336 


.231689 


.379 


.272891 


.422 


.315017 


.465 


.357728 


.337 


.232634 


.380 


.273861 


.423 


.316005 


.466 


.358725 


.338 


.233580 


.381 


.274832 


.424 


.316993 


.467 


.359723 


.339 


.234526 


.382 


.275804 


.425 


.317981 


.468 


.360721 


.340 


.235473 


.383 


.276776 


.426 


.318970 


.469 


.361719 


.341 


.236421 


.384 


.277748 


.427 


.319959 


.470 


.362717 


.342 


.237369 


.385 


.278721 


.428 


.320949 


.471 


.363715 


.343 


.238319 


.386 


.279695 


.429 


.321938 


.472 


.364714 


.344 


.239268 


.387 


.280669 


.430 


.322928 


.473 


.365712 


.345 


.240219 


.388 


.281643 


.431 


.323919 


.474 


.366711 


.346 


.241170 


.389 


.282618 


.432 


.324909 


.475 


.367710 


.347 


.242122 


.390 


.283593 


.433 


.325900 


.476 


.368708 


.348 


.243074 


.391 


.284569 


.434 


.326891 


.477 


.369707 


.349 


.244027 


.392 


.285545 


.435 


.327883 


.478 


.370706 


.350 


.244980 


.393 


.286521 


.436 


.328874 


.479 


.371705 


.351 


.245935 


.394 


.287499 


.437 


.329866 


.480 


.372704 


.352 


.246890 


.395 


.288476 


.438 


.330858 


.481 


.373704 


.353 


.247845 


.396 


.289454 


.439 


.331851 


.482 


.374703 


.354 


.248801 


.397 


.290432 


.440 


.332843 


.483 


.375702 


.355 


.249758 


.398 


.291411 


.441 


.333836 


.484 


.376702 


.356 


.250715 


.399 


.292390 


.442 


.334829 


.485 


.377701 


.357 


.251673 


.400 


.293370 


.443 


.335823 


.486 


.378701 


.358 


.252632 


.401 


.294350 


.444 


.336816 


.487 


.379701 


.359 


.253591 


.402 


.295330 


.445 


.337810 


.488 


.380700 


.360 


.254551 


.403 


.296311 


.446 


.338804 


.489 


.381700 


.361 


.255511 


.404 


.297292 


.447 


.339799 


.490 


.382700 


.362 


.256472 


.405 


.298274 


.448 


.340793 


.491 


.383700 


.363 


.257433 


.406 


.299256 


.449 


.341788 


.492 


.384699 


.364 


.258395 


.407 


.300238 


.450 


.342783 


.493 


.385699 


.365 


.259358 


.408 


.301221 


.451 


.343778 


.494 


.386699 


.366 


.260321 


.409 


.302204 


.452 


.344773 


.495 


.387699 


.367 


.261285 


.410 


.303187 


.453 


.345768 


.496 


.388699 


.368 


.262249 


.411 


.304171 


.454 


.346764 


.497 


.389699 


.369 


.263214 


.412 


.305156 


.455 


.347760 


.498 


.390699 


.370 


.264179 


.413 


.306140 


.456 


.348756 


.499 


.391699 


.371 


.265145 


.414 


.307125 


.457 


.349752 


.500 


.392699 



.366 



Circumferences of Circles. 

2>=diameter of circle, C=circumference of circle. 

C=-D=Z14159SD. 


i?=-=-3183ia . 

TZ 



The use of the tables of circumferences of circles may be extended 
by _ applying the following rule: — If the diameter be multiplied or 
divided by any number, the circumference must be multiplied or divided 
by the same number. 



Thus, 



Diameter = D. 
Diameter = nZ>. 

Diameter = — . 



Circumference = G. 
Circumference = nC- 

Circumference = — . 



Circumferences of Small Circles. 
(Diameters Advancing by 64ms.) 



Diam 



if 1 



Circum. 


Diam. 


.04909 


H 


.09817 


A 


.14726 


H 


.19635 


A 


.24544 


n 


.29452 


H 


.34361 


If 


.39270 


f 


.44179 


If 


.49087 


tt 


.53996 


H 


.58905 


T ? T 


.63814 


29 


.68722 


6 IS 


.73631 


31 

64 i 


.78540 



Circum. 


Diam. 


.83449 


H 


.88357 


n 


.93266 


« 


.98175 


9 


1.0308 


n 


1.0799 


19 


1.1290 


If 


1.1781 


f 


1.2272 


It 


1.2763 


St 


1.3254 


tt 


1.3744 


« 


1.4235 


« 


1.4726 


If 


1.5217 


ft 


1.5708 


1 



Circum. 


Diam. 

1 


1.6199 


49 
6? 


1.6690 


25 


1.7181 


n 


1.7671 


n 


1.8162 


u 


1.8653 


H 


1.9144 


n 


1.9635 


1 


2.0126 


*i 


2.0617 


If 


2.1108 


59 

'6¥ 


2.1598 


15 
Tt> 


2.2089 


H 


2.2580 


II 


2.3071 


Sl ! 


2.3562 



Circum. 

2.4053 

2.4544 
2.5035 
2.5525 
2.6016 
2.6507 
2.6998 
2.7489 
2.7980 
2.8471 
2.8962 
2.9452 
2.9943 
3.0434 
3.0925 
3.1416 



&7 



Table No. 6. 
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM. 

Pressure, Temperature, Volume and Density. 
(Haswell.) 



u 

u 
a 

u C 
in 

ft 


.E 
>> 

<u u 

3 o 
en i-, 

Pi 


<u 
u 

3 

a 
u 
<u 

a, 

S 

<u 


rt O 


o 

£ S 

^§ 

on. 


££ 
SO 

W O 

Cm- O 

Q 


Lbs. 


Ins. 


Deg. 


Deg. 


Cu. Ft. 


Lb. 


1 


2.04 


102.1 


1112.5 


330.36 


.003 


2 


4.07 


126.3 


1119.7 


172.08 


.0058 


3 


6.11 


141.6 


1124.6 


117.52 


.0085 


4 


8.14 


153.1 


1128.1 


89.62 


.0112 


5 


10 . 18 


162.3 


1130.9 


72.66 


.0138 


6 


12.22 


170.2 


1133.3 


61.21 


.0163 


7 


14.25 


176.9 


1135.3 


52.94 


.0189 


8 


16.29 


182.9 


1137.2 


46.69 


.0214 


9 


18.32 


188.3 


1138.8 


41.79 


.0239 


10 


20.36 


193.3 


1140.3 


37.84 


.0264 


11 


22.39 


197.8 


1141.7 


34.63 


.0289 


12 


24.43 


202. 


1143. 


31.88 


.0314 


13 


26.46 


205.9 


1144.2 


29.57 


.0338 


14 


28.51 


209.6 


1145.3 


27.61 


.0362 


14.7 


29.92 


212. 


1146.1 


26.36 


.03802 


15 


30.54 


213.1 


1146.4 


25.85 


.0387 


16 


32.57 


216.3 


1147.4 


24.32 


.0411 


17 


34.61 


219.6 


1148.3 


22.96 


.0435 


18 


36.65 


222.4 


1149.2 


21.78 


.0459 


19 


38.68 


225.3 


1150.1 


20.7 


.0483 


20 


40.72 


228. 


1150.9 


19.72 


.0507 


21 


42.75 


230.6 


1151.7 


18.84 


.0531 


22 


44.79 


233.1 


1152.5 


18.03 


.0555 


23 


46.83 


235.5 


1153.2 


17.26 


.058 


24 


48.86 


237.8 


1153.9 


16.64 


.0601 


25 


50.9 


240.1 


1154.6 


15.99 


.0625 


26 


52.93 


242.3 


1155.3 


15.38 


.065 


27 


54.97 


244.4 


1155.8 


14.86 


.0673 


28 


57.01 


246.4 


1156.4 


14.37 


.0696 


29 


59.04 


248.4 


1157.1 


13.9 


.0719 



368 



Properties of Saturated Steam (Continued) 



u 
u 
a 

u a 

u "> 


.5 

S3 

CO U 


u 
3 

rt 
u 
<U 
C 

S 
<u 

H 


rt <u 

~£ . 



— G M 
« O 


rH 
O 

6 S 
.HE 

OQj 


Density or Wt. 
of 1 Cubic 
Foot. 


Lbs. 


Ins. 


Deg. 


Deg. 


Cu. Ft. 


Lb. 


30 


61.08 


250.4 


1157.8 


13.46 


.0743 


31 


63.11 


252.2 


1158.4 


13.05 


.0766 


32 


65.15 


254.1 


1158.9 


12.67 


.0789 


33 


67.19 


255.9 


1159.5 


12.31 


.0812 


34 


69.22 


257.6 


1160. 


11.97 


.0835 


35 


71.26 


259.3 


1160.5 


11.65 


.0858 


36 


73.29 


260.9 


1161. 


11.34 


.0881 


37 


75.33 


262.6 


1161.5 


11.04 


.0905 


38 


77 .37 


264.2 


1162. 


10.76 


.0929 


39 


79.4 


265.8 


1162.5 


10.51 


.0952 


40 


81.43 


267.3 


1162.9 


10.27 


.0974 


41 


83.47 


268.7 


1163.4 


10.03 


.0996 


42 


85.5 


270.2 


1163.8 


9.81 


.102 


43 


87.54 


271.6 


1164.2 


9.59 


.1042 


44 


89.58 


273. 


1164.6 


9.39 


.1065 


45 


91.61 


274.4 


1165.1 


9.18 


.1089 


46 


93.65 


275.8 


1165.5 


9. 


.1111 


47 


95.69 


277.1 


1165.9 


8.82 


.1133 


48 


97.72 


278.4 


1166.3 


8.65 


.1156 


49 


99.76 


279.7 


1166.7 


8.48 


.1179 


50 


101.8 


281. 


1167.1 


8.31 


.1202 


51 


103.83 


282.3 


1167.5 


8.17 


.1224 


52 


105.87 


283.5 


1167.9 


8.04 


.1246 


53 


107.9 


284.7 


1168.3 


7.88 


.1269 


54 


109.94 


285.9 


1168.6 


7.74 


.1291 


55 


111.98 


287.1 


1169. 


7.61 


.1314 


56 


114.01 


288.2 


1169.3 


7.48 


.1336 


57 


116.05 


289.3 


1169.7 


7.36 


.1364 


58 


118.08 


290.4 


1170. 


7.24 


.138 


59 


120.12 


291.6 


1170.4 


7.12 


.1403 


60 


122.16 


292.7 


1170.7 


7.01 


.1425 


61 


124.19 


293.8 


1171.1 


6.9 


.1447 


62 


126.23 


294.8 


1171.4 


6.81 


.1469 


63 


128.26 


295.9 


1171.7 


6.7 


.1493 


64 


130.3 


296.9 


1172. 


6.6 


.1516 


65 


132.34 


298. 


1172.3 


6.49 


.1538 


66 


134.37 


299. 


1172.6 


6.41 


.156 


67 


136.4 


300. 


1172.9 


6.32 


.1583 


68 


138.44 


300.9 


1173.2 


6.23 


.1605 


69 


140.48 


301.9 


1173.5 


6.15 


.1627 



369 



Properties of Saturated Steam (Continued). 



u 

2d 

in 

8 6- 


g 
S3 

en i* 

p-i 


V 

u 

3 
rt 

U 

<u 
a. 

s 


■y ■"> 

ri M 

•a £w 


i-i 

o 

OJV 


+J o 

££ 

>> 

*2 i-f +j 
«3 O 

Om O 

<u ofo 
Q 


Ivbs. 


Ins. 


Deg. 


Deg. 


Cu. Ft. 


I,b. 


70 


142.52 


302.9 


1173.8 


6.07 


.1648 


71 


144.55 


303.9 


1174.1 


5.99 


.167 


72 


146.59 


304.8 


1174.3 


5.91 


.1692 


73 


148.62 


305.7 


1174.6 


5.83 


.1714 


74 


150.66 


306.6 


1174.9 


5.76 


.1736 


75 


152.69 


307.5 


1175.2 


5.68 


.1759 


76 


154.73 


308.4 


1175.4 


5.61 


.1782 


77 


156.77 


309.3 


1175.7 


5.54 


.1804 


78 


158.8 


310.2 


1176. 


5.48 


.1826 


79 


160.84 


311.1 


1176.3 


5.41 


.1848 


80 


162.87 


312. 


1176.5 


5.35 


.1869 


81 


164.91 


312.8 


1176.8 


5.29 


.1891 


82 


166.95 


313.6 


1177.1 


5.23 


.1913 


83 


168.98 


314.5 


1177.4 


5.17 


.1935 


84 


171.02 


315.3 


1177.6 


5.11 


.1957 


85 


173.05 


316.1 


1177.9 


5.05 


.198 


86 


175.09 


316.9 


1178.1 


5. 


.2002 


87 


177.13 


317.8 


1178.4 


4.94 


.2024 


88 


179.16 


318.6 


1178.6 


4.89 


.2044 


89 


181.2 


319.4 


1178.9 


4.84 


.2067 


90 


183.23 


320.2 


1179.1 


4.79 


.2089 


91 


185.27 


321. 


1179.3 


4.74 


.2111 


92 


187.31 


321.7 


1179.5 


4.69 


.2133 


93 


189.34 


322.5 


1179.8 


4.64 


.2155 


94 


191.38 


323.3 


1180. 


4.6 


.2*76 


95 


193.41 


324.1 


1180.3 


4.55 


.2198 


96 


195 . 45 


324.8 


1180.5 


4.51 


.2219 


97 


197.49 


325.6 


1180.8 


4.46 


.2241 


98 


199.52 


326.2 


1181. 


4.42 


.2263 


99 


201.56 


327.1 


1181.2 


4.37 


.2285 


100 


203.59 


327.9 


1181.4 


4.33 


.2307 


101 


205.63 


328.5 


1181.6 


4.29 


.2329 


102 


207.66 


329.1 


1181.8 


4.25 


.2351 


103 


209.7 


329.9 


1182. 


4.21 


.2373 


104 


211.74 


330.6 


1182.2 


4.18 


. .2393 


105 


213.77 


331.3 


1182.4 


4.14 


.2414 


106 


215.81 


331.9 


1182.6 


4.11 


.2435 


107 


217.84 


332.6 


1182.8 


4.07 


.2456 


108 


219.88 


333.3 


1183. 


4.04 


.2477 


109 


221.92 


334. 


1183.3 


4. 


.2499 



370 



Properties of Saturated Steam (Continued). 



u 

(X 

£d . 

in 

<n -^ 


S3 

tn d 


u 

t-i 

<u 
P. 

6 
u 





H 

O 

s s 

on. 


*WJ O 

Q 


I,bs 


Ins. 


Deg. 


Deg. 


Cu. Ft. 


I^b. 


110 


223.95 


334.6 


1183.5 


3.97 


.2521 


111 


225.99 


335.3 


1183.7 


3.93 


.2543 


112 


228.02 


336. 


1183.9 


3.9 


.2564 


113 


230.06 


336.7 


1184.1 


3.86 


.2586 


114 


232.1 


337.4 


1184.3 


3.83 


.2607 


115 


234.13 


338. 


1184.5 


3.8 


.2628 


116 


236.17 


338.6 


1184.7 


3.77 


• .2649 


117 


238.2 


339.3 


1184.9 


3.74 


.2652 


118 


240.24 


339.9 


1185.1 


3.71 


.2674 


119 


242.28 


340.5 


1185.3 


3.68 


.2696 


120 


244.31 


341.1 


1185.4 


3.65 


.2738 


121 


246.35 


341.8 


1185.6 


3.62 


.2759 


122 


248.38 


342.4 


1185.8 


3.59 


.278 


123 


250.42 


343. 


1186. 


3.56 


.2801 


124 


252.45 


343.6 


1186.2 


3.54 


.2822 


125 


254.49 


344.2 


1186.4 


3.51 


.2845 


126 


256.53 


344.8 


1186.6 


3.49 


.2867 


127 


258.56 


345.4 


1186.8 


3.46 


.2889 


128 


260.6 


346. 


1186.9 


3.44 


.2911 


129 


262.64 


346.6 


1187.1 


3.41 


.2933 


130 


264.67 


347.2 


1187.3 


3.38 


.2955 


131 


266.71 


347.8 


1187.5 


3.35 


.2977 


132 


268.74 


348.3 


1187.6 


3.33 


.2999 


133 


270.78 


348.9 


1187.8 


3.31 


.302 


134 


272.81 


349.5 


1188. 


3.29 


.304 


135 


274.85 


350.1 


1188.2 


3.27 


.306 


136 


276.89 


350.6 


1188.3 


3.25 


.308 


137 


278.92 


351.2 


1188.5 


3.22 


.3101 


138 


280.96 


351.8 


1188.7 


3.2 


.3121 


139 


282.99 


352.4 


1188.9 


3.18 


.3142 


140 


285.03 


352.9 


1189. 


3.16 


.3162 


141 


287.07 


353.5 


1189.2 


3.14 


.3184 


142 


289.1 


354. 


1189.4 


3.12 


.3206 


143 


291.14 


354.5 


1189.6 


3.1 


.3228 


144 


293.17 


355. 


1189.7 


3.08 


.325 


145 


295.21 


355.6 


1189.9 


3.06 


.3273 


146 


297.25 


356.1 


1190. 


3.04 


.3294 


147 


299.28 


356.7 


1190.2 


3.02 


.3315 


148 


301.32 


357.2 


1190.3 


3. 


.3336 


149 


303.35 


357.8 


1190.5 


2.98 


.3357 



37i 



Properties of Saturated Steam (Concluded) 



u 

V 

u 

3 — 

CO 

Pk 


c 

v> u 

in i> 

P-l 


u 

l-c 

3 

u 
u 

£ 
u 


o 

.2 o 


o 

s « 

Op. 

> 


feu 
>> 

"3 O 

Q 


I,bs. 


Ins. 


Deg. 


Deg. 


Cu. Ft. 


Lb. 


150 


305.39 


358.3 


1190.7 


2.96 


.3377 


155 


315.57 


361. 


1191.5 


2.87 


.3484 


160 


325.75 


363.4 


1192.2 


2.79 


.359 


165 


335.93 


366. 


1192.9 


2.71 


.3695 


170 


346.11 


368.2 


1193.7 


2.63 


.3798 


175 


356.29 


370.8 


1194.4 


2.56 


.3899 


180 


366 .47 


372.9 


1195.1 


2.49 


.4009 


185 


376.65 


375.3 


1195.8 


2.43 


.4117 


190 


386.83 


377.5 


1196.5 


2.37 


.4222 


195 


397 .01 


379.7 


1197.2 


2.31 


.4327 


200 


407.19 


381.7 


1197.8 


2.26 


.4431 


210 


427.54 


386. 


1199.1 


2.16 


.4634 


220 


447.9 


389.9 


1200.3 


2.06 


.4842 


230 


468 .26 


393.8 


1201.5 


1.98 


.5052 


240 


488.62 


397.5 


1202.6 


1.9 


.5248 


250 


508.98 


401.1 


1203.7 


1.83 


.5464 


260 


529 .34 


404.5 


1204.8 


1.76 


.5669 


270 


549 .7 


407.9 


1205.8 


1.7 


.5868 


280 


570.06 


411.2 


1206.8 


1.64 


.6081 


290 


590.42 


414.4 


1207.8 


1.59 


.6273 


300 


610.78 


417.5 


1208.7 


1.54 


.6486 


350 


712.57 


430.1 


1212.6 


1.33 


.7498 


400 


814.37 


444.9 


1217.1 


1.18 


.8502 


450 


916.17 


456.7 


1220.7 


1.05 


.9499 


500 


1018. 


467.5 


1224. 


.95 


1.049 


550 


1119.8 


477.5 


1227. 


.87 


1.148 


600 


1221.6 


487. 


1229.9 


.8 


1.245 


650 


1323.4 


495.6 


1232.5 


.74 


1.342 


700 


1425.8 


504.1 


1235.1 


.69 


1.4395 


800 


1628.7 


519.5 


1239.8 


.61 


1.6322 


900 


1832.3 


533.6 


1244.2 


.55 


1.8235 


1000 


2035.9 


546.5 


1248.1 


.5 


2.014 



372 



Table No. 7. 
Tensile Strength of Bolts. 



V2$ 


cm 

O 


§b| 


§£"§ 


§U J 




<u S 


£2% 

ojWm 

So. 5 


u O .C 








10 a- 




I 


.125 


875 


1250 


1500 


1875 


2500 


1 


.196 


1372 


1960 


2350 


2940 


3920 


1 


.3 


2100 


3000 


3600 


4500 


6000 


1 


.42 


2940 


4200 


5040 


6300 


8400 


1 


.55 


3850 


5500 


6600 


8250 


11000 


11 


.69 


4830 


6900 


8280 


10350 


13800 


11 


.89 


5460 


7800 


9360 


11700 


15600 


11 


1.06 


7420 


10600 


12720 


15900 


21200 


U 


1.28 


8960 


12800 


15360 


19200 


25600 


IS 


1.53 


10710 


15300 


18360 


22950 


30600 


12 


1.76 


12320 


17600 


21120 


26400 


35200 


11 


2.03 


14210 


20300 


24360 


30450 


40600 


2 


2.3 


16100 


23000 


27600 


34500 


46000 


21 


3.12 


21840 


31200 


37440 


46800 


62400 


2i 


3.7 


25900 


37000 


44400 


55500 


74000 


2| 


4.6 


32200 


46000 


55200 


69000 


92000 


3 


5.44 


38080 


54400 


65280 


81600 


108800 


31 


6.6 


46200 


66000 


79200 


99000 


132000 


3% 


7.54 


52780 


75400 


90480 


113100 


150800 


35 


8.6 


60200 


86000 


103200 


129000 


172000 


4 


9.9 


69300 


99000 


118800 


148500 


198000 


41 


11.3 


79100 


113000 


135600 


169500 


226000 


4* 


12.68 


88760 


126800 


152000 


190200 


253600 


41 


14.186 


99300 


141860 


170220 


212790 


283720 


5 


15.76 


110300 


157600 


189120 


236400 


315200 


51 


17.57 


122990 


175700 


210840 


263550 


351400 


51 


19.24 


134680 


192400 


230880 


288600 


384800 


51 


21.237 


148660 


212370 


254840 


318555 


424740 


6 


23.07 


161490 


230700 


276840 


346050 


461400 



Table No. 8. 
Breaking Strength of Bolts. 



t in. 


fe in. 


iin. 


tV in - 


fin. 


Hin. 


f in. 


fin, 


1 in. 


4.575 

Lbs. 


4,950 
Lbs. 


7,700 
Lbs. 


9.000 
Lbs. 


11.225 
Lbs. 


15.000 
Lbs. 


18,200 
Lbs. 


23.500 
Lbs. 


30,000 
Lbs. 


ljin. 


li in. 


Li in. 


if in. 


2 in. 


Si in. 


2j in. 


3| in. 


Sin. 


35.500 
Lbs. 


41.000 
Lbs. 


63,000 
Lbs. 


88.000 
Lbs. 


120.000 
Lbs. 


145.000 
Lbs. 


180.000 
Lbs. 


220.000 
Lbs. 


275.000 
Lbs. 



373 



Table No. 9. 

Maximum Bending Moments on Pins with 
Extreme End Fibre Stresses. 

Varying from 15,000 to 25,000 Pounds per 
Square Inch. 



Diameter 
of Pin 


Area 
of Pin 

in 
Square 
Inches. 


Moments in Inch-Pounds for Fibre 
Stresses of 


in 
Inches. 


15,000 I,bs. 
per Sq. In. 


18,000 I,bs. 
per Sq. In. 


20,000 I,bs. 
per Sq. In. 


22,500 I«bs. 
per Sq. In. 


25,000 U>s. 
per Sq. In. 


1 

n 
14 

li 


.785 

.994 

1.227 

1.485 


1470 
2100 
2900 
3830 


1770 
2520 
3450 
4590 


1960 
2800 
3830 
5100 


2210 
3150 
4310 
5740 


2450 

3490 
4790 
6380 


ii 
ii 
11 


1.767 
2.074 
2.405 
2.761 


4970 
6320 
7890 
9710 


5960 

7580 

9470 

11650 


6630 

8430 

10520 

12940 


7460 

9480 

11840 

14560 


8280 
10530 
13150 
16180 


2 

2| 
21 
2| 


3.142 

3.547 
3.976 
4.430 


11780 
14T30 
16770 
19730 


14140 
16960 
20130 
23670 


15710 
18840 
22370 
26300 


17670 
21200 
25160 
29590 


19630 
23550 
27960 
32880 


2| 

21 

21 


4.909 
5.412 
5.940 
6.492 


23010 
26640 
30630 
34990 


27610 
31960 
36750 
41990 


30680 • 
35520 
40830 
46660 


34510 
39960 
45940 
52490 


38350 
44400 
51040 
58320 


3 

3| 

34 
31 


7.069 

7.670 
8.296 
8.946 


39730 
44940 
50550 
56610 


47680 
53930 
60660 
67940 


52970 
59920 
67400 
75480 


59600 
67410 
75830 
84920 


€6220 
74900 
84250 
94350 


3J 
31 
31 
31 


9.621 
10.321 
11.045 
11.793 


63140 
70150 
77660 
85690 


75770 

84180 

93190 

102820 


84180 

93530 

103540 

114250 


94710 
105220 
116490 
128530 


105230 
116910 
129430 
142810 


4 

4J 
44 
4| 


12.566 
13.364 
14.186 
15.033 


94250 
103360 
113050 
123320 


113100 
124040 
135660 
147980 


125660 
137820 
150730 
164420 


141370 
155040 
169570 
184980 


157080 
172270 
188410 
205530 


4J 

41 
41 
41 


15.904 
16.800 
17.721 
18.665 


134190 

145690 
157820 
170580 


161030 
174830 
189390 
204740 


178920 
194250 
210430 
227490 


201290 
218510 
236740 
255920 


223650 
242810 
263040 
284360 



374 



Maximum Bending Moments on Pins with 
Extra Fibre Stresses. 

Varying from 15,000 to 25,000 Pounds per 
Square Inch (Concluded). 



Diameter 
of Pin 

in 
Inches. 


Area 
of Pin 

in 
Square 
Inches. 


Moments in Inch-Pounds for Fibre 
Stresses of 


15,000 I,bs. 
per Sq. In. 


18,000 i,bs. 
per Sq. In. 


20,000 I,bs. 
per Sq. In. 


22,500 I,bs. 
per Sq. In. 


25,000 Ivbs. 
per Sq. In. 


5 

51 
5£ 
51 

51 

51 
51 

51 


19.636 
20.629 
21.648 
22.691 

23.758 
24.850 
25.967 
27.109 


184080 
198230 
213090 
228680 

245010 

262100 
279960 
298620 


220890 
237880 
255710 
274420 

294010 
314510 
335950 
358340 


245440 
264310 
284120 
304910 

326680 
349460 
373280 
398160 


276120 
297350 
319640 
343020 

367510 
393140 
419940 
447930 


306800 
330390 
355160 
381130 

408350 
436830 
466600 
497700 



375 



Table No. io. 

BEARING VALUES OF PIN PLATES. 

For One Inch Thickness of Plate. 

Bearing value = Diameter of Pin x i" x Stress 
Per Square Inch. 







n j- 


v x, 


v x 






<u # 


11 fl 


<U j- 






3 uo 


3 \?,u 


3 1- o 






3 ^ o 


3 in o 


3 u a 


tw 




** v a 


r* It ~ 


— ' <U c 


<H 




— H C 


— <u a 


~* n c 


o 


fi 


$ a£ 


OS Q,£ 


«s p.5 


o 


d 


«* O-M 


£<=> &M 


« C.S 


u 
u 


s 




bcS^S H 


S&s* 


u 

1> 


s 


SMs 


J§-§£ 


8 <2 v 


"S . 


o 




3co'S 2 


CiO 2 2 


t) . 


o 


Scq'g 2 


flsog 2 


cm 5 2 


.2^ 






•■Hr-I 3 3 


rnSS 


a .a 

.2Ph 




•Ch3 3 


•j-r-, 3 3 


•hh3 3 


1- 


g rtCMCO 


g dPntt 


g rtfM'J} 




g afcce 


g csPhCO 


g tdSS* 


Q 


«! 


25 


pq 


pq 


Q 


<J 


PQ 


pq 


pq 


Inch 


Sq. In. 


Pounds 


Poun ds 


Pounds 


Inch es. 


Sq.In. 


Pounds 


P ounds 


Pounds 


1 


.735 


12000 


13500 


15000 


41 


15.90 


54000 


60750 


67500 


IS 


.934 


13500 


15190 


16880 


41 


16.80 


55500 


62440 


69380 


15 


1.227 


15000 


16880 


1S750 


4^ 


17.72 


57000 


64130 


71250 


11 


1.485 


16500 


185G0 


20630 


41 


18.67 


58500 


65810 


73130 


11 


1.767 


18000 


20250 


22500 


5 


19.64 


60000 


67500 


75000 


y 


2.074 


19500 


21940 


24380 


5| 


20.63 


61500 


69190 


76880 


2.405 


21000 


23630 


26250 


54 


21.65 


63000 


70880 


78750 


ii 


2.761 


22500 


25310 


28130 


51 


22.69 


64500 


72560 


80630 


2 


3.142 


24000 


27000 


30000 


5J 


23-76 


66000 


74250 


82500 


21 


3.547 


25500 


28690 


31880 


51 


24-85 


67500 


75940 


84380 


24 


3.976 


27000 


303^0 


33750 


51 


25-97 


69000 


77630 


86250 


2g 


4.439 


28500 


32030 


35630 


51 


27-11 


70500 


79310 


88130 


21 


4.909 


30000 


33750 


37500 


6 


28.27 


72000 


81000 


90000 


21 


5.412 


31500 


35440 


39380 


61 


29-46 


73500 


82690 


91S~&) 


21 


5.940 


33000 


37130 


41250 


64 


30- 6S 


75000 


84380 


93750 


21 


6.492 


34503 


33810 


43130 


61 


31.92 


76500 


86060 


95630 


3 


7.069 


36000 


40500 


45000 


6| 


33.18 


78000 


87750 


97500 


3S 


7.670 


37500 


42190 


46880 


61 


34.47 


79500 


89440 


99380 


34 


8.295 


39000 


43880 


48750 


61 


35.79 


81000 


91130 


101250 


31 


8.946 


40500 


45560 


50630 


61 


37.12 


82500 


92810 


103130 


zi 


9.621 


42000 


47250 


52500 


7 


38.48 


84000 


94500 


105000 


31 


10.32 


43500 


48940 


54380 


71 


44.18 


90000 


101250 


112500 


3i 


11.05 


45000 


50630 


56250 


8 


50.27 


96000 


108000 


120000 


31 


11.79 


46500 


52310 


58130 


81 


56.75 


102000 


114750 


127500 


4 


12.57 


48000 


54000 


60000 


9 


63.62 


108000 


121500 


135000 


41 


13.35 


49500 


55690 


61880 


10 


78.54 


120000 


135000 


150000 


44 


14.19 


51000 


57380 


63750 


11 


95.03 


132000 


148500 


165000 


41 


15.03 


52500 


59060 


65630 


12 


113.10 


144000 


162000 


180000 



376 



Table No. I i . 

Values of Moments of Inertia. 

I=Moment of Inertia. Z=Moment of Resistance. 



Sections 




1. 






For axis X-X= 



b h* 



For 



Y-Y= 



12 
b & 



b (7i*-h^ 
12 



b h»-bji x > 
12 



~ b 7i A 
64 



b h z -(b-b,MiS 
~ 12 



-d± 


64 


- (d*-dft 


61 



T7ie Derry Collard Cn. 



b # 

6 


b (7i z -W) 


6 k 


b /r-b, h x * 


6 // 


" d z 
32 


- (d*-dS) 


32 d 


- b & 

32 



_2_I 
h 



37 



Table No. 12. 



Deflection and Maximum Bending Moment of 
Beams Under Varying Conditions of Load. 



Beam. 


Condition of 
Load. 


Maximum 
Bending Moment. 


Maximum Deflec- 
tion. 


Cantilever. 


Load at end. 


WL 


WL 3 
3 EI 


Cantilever. 


Uniformly loaded. 


WL 


WL 3 


Simple. 


Loaded in center. 


WL 
4 


WL 3 

48 EI 


Simple. 


Uniformly loaded. 


WL 

~8~ 


5WL 3 

384 EI 


One end fixed, 
other end 
supported. 


Loaded in center. 


.192 WL 


WL 3 
.0182 — 


One end fixed, 
other end 
supported. 


Uniformly loaded. 


WL 

~8~ 


WL 3 
.0051 — 


Beam fixed at 
both ends. 


Loaded in center. 


WL 

~8~ 


WL 3 
192 EI 


Beam fixed at 
both ends. 


Uniformly loaded. 


WL 


WL 3 
384 EI 



378 



Table No. 13. 

Table Showing Thickness of Shell and Safe Work- 
ing Pressure for Horizontal Tubular 
Steel Boilers. 

(Bair.) 







I^OXGITTTDIXAL SEAMS. 


T,OXGITUDIXAL 


Seams Loxgitudixal 


Seam s 


u 


"3 

CO 


Single Riveted. 


Double Staggered Double Triple Riveted 
Riveted. Butt Joint 


X - 

to 
«*- v 


Tensile Strength of Steel. 


Tensile Strength 


of Steel Tensile Strength of Steel 


v. U 


50000 


55000 


60000 


50000 


I 55000 


60000 50000 1 55000 1 60000 


o 1-1 


2 


Pounds 


Pounds 


Pounds 


Pounds Pounds Pounds!Pounds Pounds 


Pounds 
Pr'ss're 


c; 


Pressure 


Pressure 


Pressure Pr'ss're 


Pr'ss're 


Pr'ss'rePr' 


ss're Pr'ss're 


s 


j-. 


Pounds 


Pounds 


Pounds 


Pounds Pounds Pounds Po 


unds Pounds Pounds 


24 


1 
4 


118 


130 


142 


150 


165 


180 










5 

T6 


148 


163 


178 


187 


206 


225 


















28 


i 

5 
T5 


101 
127 


112 
139 


122 
152 


128 
156 


141 
171 


154 

187 


















30 


1 
4 
5 
2 , 6 


95 
118 


104 

130 


114 
142 


116 
145 


128 
160 


140 
175 


















34 


I 

5 

15 


83 
104 


92 
115 


100 
125 


102 
128 


113 
141 


123 
154 


















36 


1 

4 

_5_ 
1 5 


79 
98 


87 
108 


95 

118 


97 
121 


106 
133 


116 
145 


















38 


A 


75 
93 


82 
103 


90 
112 


92 
115 


101 
126 


110 
138 


















40 


9 

32 


80 
89 


88 
97 


96 
106 


98 
109 


108 
120 


118 
131 


















42 


9 
32 

1% 


76 
85 


84 
92 


91 
101 


93 
104 


103 
114 


112 
125 


















44 


T 3 
t¥o 


77 
82 


85 

91 


93 

98 


95 
101 


105 
112 


114 
122 


















46 


5 
T6 

34 

Too 


77 
84 


85 
92 


92 
101 


95 
103 


104 
113 


114 
124 


















48 


32 


76 


83 


91 


93 


102 


112 ] 


L14 


126 


137 




i¥o 


85 


94 


102 


105 


115 


126 ] 


L29 


141 


154 


50 


# 


75 


82 


90 


92 


101 


110 ] 


L13 


124 


136 




T 3 o 6 o 


82 


90 


98 


100 


110 


120 3 


L23 


136 


148 


52 


34 
Too 


74 


81 


89 


91 


100 


109 ] 


L12 


123 


134 




36 
100 


78 


86 


94 


96 


106 


116 ] 


L19 


130 


142 


54 


3 6 
10 


76 


83 


91 


93 


102 


112 ] 


L14 


126 


137 




I 


79 


87 


95 


97 


106 


116 ] 


L19 


131 


143 


56 


3 
8 


76 


83 


91 


93 


103 


112 ] 


L15 


126 


138 




4" 

To 


81 


89 


97 


100 


110 


120 ] 


L22 


135 


147 


60 


A 


76 


83 


91 


93 


102 


112 ] 


L14 


126 


137 




# 


79 


87 


95 


98 


107 


117 3 


L20 


132 


144 


66 


Too 


74 


81 


89 


91 


100 


109 : 


L12 


123 j 134 




45 

1 '• n 


77 


85 


93 


95 


105 


114 : 


L17 


129 1 140 


72 


_4_5_ 

1 ' •'■ 


71 


78 


85 


84 


96 


105 : 


L07 


118 1 129 




4S 


76 


83 


91 


93 


102 


112 : 


L14 


122 137 


78 


t¥o 


65 


72 


78 


80 


88 


96 


99 


109 119 




t 


73 


80 


87 


89 


98 


107 : 


L10 


121 1 132 


84 


rVo 


61 


67 


73 


75 


82 


90 


92 


101 109 




1 


67 


77 


81 


83 


91 


ioo : 


L02 


112 122 



In above table a factor of safety of 5 was used. 



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380 



Table No. U (Concluded). 

Rules for Calculating Thickness and the Pressure 
Allowance on Morison Suspension Furnaces. 

As adopted by the board of U. S. Supervising Inspectors of Steam Ves- 
sels. Corrugations to be S inches pitch and iy 2 inches deep, the plain 
parts at ends not to exceed 6 inches: 

PXD 

15.000 

T = Thickness of furnace in inches. 

P = Working pressure in pounds per square inch. 

D = Mean diameter of furnace in inches = inside diameter + thick- 
ness of metal -\-\y 2 in. 

15.000 = a Constant. 

"Example: Given, a furnace 40 inches mean diameter, to carry a 
steam pressure of 187 pounds. Required; the thickness of metal neces- 
sary. 

„ 187X40 T/ . . 

Example: Given, a furnace 40 inches mean diameter, l / 2 inch 
thick. Required; the steam pressure allowable. By transposing the above 
rule, we have 

15.000.,- TT „ 15.000 _. T/ ,__ , 

P = — ^— X T Hence, P = -^— X % = 187 pounds. 



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Table No. 16. 
Decimals of an Inch for Each i-64th, 



-r^ds 


eiths 


Decimal 


Frac- 
tion 


sVds 


65 ths 


Decimal 


Frac- 
tion 




1 


.015625 






33 


.515625 




l 


2 


.03125 




17 


34 


.53125 






3 


.046875 






35 


.546875 




2 


4 


.0625 


xV 


18 


36 


.5625 


T6 




5 


.078125 






37 


.578125 




3 


6 


.09375 




19 


38 


.59375 






7 


.109375 






39 


.609375 




4 


8 


.125 


1 


20 


40 


.625 


f 




9 


.140625 






41 


.640625 




5 


10 


.15625 




21 


42 


.65625 






11 


.171875 






43 


.671875 




6 


12 


.1875 


_3 t 


22 


44 


.6875 


tt 




13 


.203125 






45 


.703125 




7 


14 


.21875 




23 


46 


.71875 






15 


.234375 






47 


.734375 




8 


16 


.25 


i 


24 


48 


.75 


3 




17 


.265625 




49 


.765625 


* 


9 


18 


.28125 




25 


50 


.78125 






19 


.296875 






51 


.796875 




10 


20 


.3125 


_5_ 


26 


52 


.8125 


13 




21 


.328125 


16 




53 


.828125 




11 


22 


.34375 




27 


54 


.84375 






23 


.359375 






55 


.859375 




12 


24 


.375 


3. 

8 


28 


56 


.875 


1 




25 


.390625 






57 


.890625 




13 


26 


.40625 




29 


58 


.90625 






27 


.421875 






59 


.921875 




14 


28 


.4375 


tV 


30 


60 


.9375 


It 




29 


.453125 






61 


.953125 




15 


30 


.46875 




31 


62 


.96875 






31 


.484375 






63 


.984375 




16 


32 


.5 


| 


32 


64 


1. 


1 



383 



Table No. 17. 

Decimal Fractions of a Square Foot in Square 
Inches. 





3 (J 

CO 1 — 1 


1° 




U jT 

2 


U <u 

g-g 

& a 


II 

Xfl w 


J> en 

So 

<? a 


0.01 


1.44 


0.26 


37.4 


0.51 


73.4 


0.76 


109.4 


0.02 


2.88 


0.27 


38.9 


0.52 


74.9 


0.77 


110.9 


0.03 


4.32 


0.28 


40.3 


0.53 


76.3 


0.78 


112.3 


0.04 


5.76 


0.29 


41.8 


0.54 


77.8 


0.79 


113.8 


0.05 


7.20 


0.30 


43.2 


0.55 


79.2 


0.80 


115.2 


0.06 


8.64 


0.31 


44.6 


0.56 


80.6 


0.81 


116.6 


0.07 


10.1 


0.32 


46.1 


0.57 


82.1 


0.82 


118.1 


0.08 


11.5 


0.33 


47.5 


0.58 


83.5 


0.83 


119.5 


0.09 


13.0 


0.34 


49.0 


0.59 


85.0 


0.84 


121.0 


0.10 


14.4 


0.35 


50.4 


0.60 


86.4 


0.85 


122.4 


0.11 


15.8 


0.36 


51.8 


0.61 


87.8 


0.86 


123.8 


0.12 


17.3 


0.37 


53.3 


0.62 


89.3 


0.87 


125.3 


0.13 


18.7 


0.38 


54.7 


0.63 


90.7 


0.88 


126.7 


0.14 


20.2 


0.39 


56.2 


0.64 


92.2 


0.89 


128.2 


0.15 


21.6 


0.40 


57.6 


0.65 


93.6 


0.90 


129.6 


0.16 


23.0 


0.41 


58.0 


0.66 


95.0 


0.91 


131.0 


0.17 


24.5 


0.42 


60.5 


0.67 


96.5 


0.92 


132.5 


0.18 


25.9 


0.43 


61.9 


0.68 


97.9 


0.93 


133.9 


0.19 


27.4 


0.44 


63.4 


0.69 


99.4 


0.94 


135.4 


0.20 


28.8 


0.45 


64.8 


0.70 


100.8 


0.95 


136.8 


0.21 


30.2 


0.46 


66.2 


0.71 


102.2 


0.96 


138.2 


0.22 


31.7 


0.47 


67.7 


0.72 


103.7 


0.97 


139.7 


0.23 


33.1 


0.48 


69.1 


0.73 


105.1 


0.98 


141.1 


0.24 


34.6 


0.49 


70.6 


0.74 


106 6 


0.99 


142.6 


0.25 


36.0 


0.50 


72.0 


0.75 


108.0 


1 00 


144.0 



384 



Table No. 18. 



Square Inches in Decimal Fractions of a 
Square Foot. 





Square 
Foot. 




3 2 


JJ m 

& a 


3 S 

CO 


<u en 

E u 


s 2 
c 

win 


0.10 


0.0006944 


24.0 


0.16666 


65.0 


0.45138 


105.0 


0.72916 


0.15 


0.0010416 


25.0 


0.17361 


66.0 


0.45833 


106.0 


0.73611 


0.20 


0.001388 


26.0 


0.18055 


67.0 


0.46527 


107.0 


0.74305 


0.25 


0.0017361 


27.0 


0.18750 


68.0 


0.47222 


108.0 


0.75000 


0.30 


0.002083 


28.0 


0.19444 


69.0 


0.47916 


109.0 


0.75694 


0.35 


0.0024305 


29.0 


0.20138 


70.0 


0.48611 


110.0 


0.76388 


0.40 


0.002777 


30.0 


0.20833 


71.0 


0.49305 


111.0 


0.77083 


0.45 


0.00311249 


31.0 


0.21527 


72.0 


0.50000 


112.0 


0.77777 


0.50 


0.003472 


32.0 


0.22222 


73.0 


0.50694 


113.0 


0.78472 


0.55 


0.0038194 


33.0 


0.22916 


74.0 


0.51388 


114.0 


0.79166 


0.60 


0.004166 


34.0 


0.23611 


75.0 


0.52083 


115.0 


0.79861 


0.65 


0.0045138 


35.0 


0.24305 


76.0 


0.52777 


116.0 


0.80555 


0.70 


0.004861 


36.0 


0.25000 


77.0 


0.53472 


117.0 


0.81249 


0.75 


0.0052083 


37.0 


0.25694 


78.0 


0.54166 


118.0 


0.81944 


0.80 


0.005555 


38.0 


0.26388 


79.0 


0.54861 


119.0 


0.82638 


0.85 


0.0059027 


39.0 


0.27083 


80.0 


0.55555 


120.0 


0.83333 


0.90 


0.006250 


40.0 


0.27777 


81.0 


0.56249 


121.0 


0.84027 


0.95 


0.0065972 


41.0 


0.28472 


82.0 


0.56944 


122.0 


0.84722 


1.0 


0.006944 


42.0 


0.29166 


83.0 


0.57638 


123.0 


0.85416 


2.0 


0.01388 


43.0 


0.29861 


84.0 


0.58333 


124.0 


0.86111 


3.0 


0.02083 


44.0 


0.30555 


85.0 


0.59027 


125.0 


0.86805 


4.0 


0.02777 


45.0 


0.31249 


86.0 


0.59722 


126.0 


0.87500 


5.0 


0.03472 


46.0 


0.31944 


87.0 


0.6041C 


127.0 


0.88194 


6.0 


0.04166 


47.0 


0.32638 


88.0 


0.61111 


128.0 


0.88888 


7.0 


0.04861 


48.0 


0.33333 


89.0 


0.61805 


129.0 


0.89583 


8.0 


0.05555 


49.0 


0.34027 


90.0 


0.62500 


130.0 


0.90277 


9.0 


0.06250 


50.0 


0.34722 


91.0 


0.63194 


131.0 


0.90972 


10.0 


0.06944 


51.0 


0.35416 


92.0 


0.63888 


132.0 


0.91666 


11.0 


0.07638 


52.0 


0.36111 


93.0 


0.64583 


133.0 


0.92361 


12.0 


0.08333 


53.0 


0.36805 


94.0 


0.65277 


134.0 


0.93055 


13.0 


0.09027 


54.0 


0.37500 


95.0 


0.65972 


135.0 


0.93750 


14.0 


0.09722 


55.0 


0.38194 


96.0 


0.66666 


136.0 


0.94444 


15.0 


0.10416 


56.0 


0.38888 


97.0 


0.67361 


137.0 


0.95138 


16.0 


0.11111 


57.0 


0.39583 


98.0 


0.68055 


138.0 


0.95833 


17.0 


0.11805 


58.0 


0.40277 


99.0 


0.68750 


139.0 


0.96527 


18.0 


0.12500 


59.0 


0.40972 


100.0 


0.69444 


140.0 


0.97222 


19.0 


0.13194 


60.0 


0.41666 


101.0 


0.70138 


141.0 


0.97916 


20.0 


0.13888 


61.0 


0.42361 


102.0 


0.70833 


142.0 


0.98611 


21.0 


0.14583 


62.0 


0.43055 


103.0 


0.71527 


143.0 


0.99305 


22.0 


0.15277 


63.0 


0.43750 


104.0 


0.72222 


144.0 


1.0000 


23.0 


0.15972 


64.0 


0.44444 











3^5 



Table No. 19. 

Lineal Inches in Decimal Fractions of a Lineal 

Foot. 



c 


Lineal Foot. 


.5 


Lineal Foot. 


.5 


Lineal Foot 


3£ 




^£ 




^£ 




¥ 


0.001302083 


H 


0.15625 


61 


0.5416 


1 


0.00260416 


2 


0.1666 


61 


0.5625 


A 


0.0052083 


2| 


0.177083 


7 


0.5833 


* 


0.010416 


24 


0.1875 


74 


0.60416 


A 


0.015625 


2| 


0.197916 


71 


0.625 


i 


0.02083 


21 


0.2083 


71 


0.64583 


A 


0.0260416 


2| 


0.21875 


8 


0.66667 


1 


0.03125 


21 


0.22916 


84 


0.6875 


A 


0.0364583 


n 


0.239583 


81 


0.7083 


1 


0.0416 


3 


0.25 


81 


0.72916 


A 


0.046875 


3| 


0.27083 


9 


0.75 


A 


0.052083 


3i 


0.2916 


94 


0.77083 


0.0572916 


3| 


0.3125 


91 


0.7916 


I 


0.0625 


4 


0.33333 


91 


0.8125 


ft 


0.0677083 


41 


0.35416 


10 


0.83333 


1 


0.072916 


41 


0.375 


104 


0.85416 


if 


0.078125 


41 


0.39583 


101 


0.875 




0.0833 


5 


0.4166 


101 


0.89583 


U 


0.09375 


51 


0.4375 


11 


0.9166 


l* 


0.10416 


51 


0.4583 


114 


0.9375 


if 


0.114583 


51 


0.47916 


111 


0.9583 


1 1 
1 ? 


0.125 


6 


0.5 


111 


0.97916 


H 


0.135416 


64 


0.52083 


12 


1.000 


if 


0.14583 











386 



Table No. 20. 

Coefficients of Linear Expansion at Tempera- 
tures Between 32 Fahr. and 212 Fahr. 



Material. 


For 1° Cent. 


For 1° Fahr. 


Aluminium, cast 


.0000222 
.0000207 
.0000189 
.0000108 
.0000117 
.0000108 
.0000126 
.0000049 
.0000088 


.0000123 


Aluminium, rolled 


.0000115 


Brass 


.0000105 


Iron, cast 


.0000060 


Iron, wrought 


.0000065 


Steel, untempered 


.0000060 


Steel, tempered 


.0000070 


Fire brick 


.0000027 


Glass 


.0000049 





387 



Table No. 21. 

Proportions for U. S. Standard. 
SCREW THREADS AND NUTS. 



Diameter 
of 


Threads 
per 


Diameter 
at Root of 


Short 
Diameter 


Dong 
Diameter, 


Iyong 
Diameter, 


Thick- 
ness of 


Screw. 


Inch. 


Thread. 


of Nuts. 


Hexagon 
Nuts. 


Square 
Nuts. 


Nuts. 


i 


20 


.185 


1 
->- 


12 
64 


t'tt 


1 

4 


ft 


18 


.240 


1*9 
3 2 


li 


T§ 


ft 


3 


16 


.294 


11 

T6" 


li 


If 


3 

8" 


A 


14 


.344 


25 
32" 


9 
10 


ift 


A 


I 


13 


.400 


I 


1 


115 


"2 


A 


12 


.454 


31 
3 2 


li 


ill 


A 


5 

8 


11 


.507 


ItV 


1/2 


i 2 - 


1 


i 


10 


.620 


li 


i T V 


149 

64 


1 


"8 


9 


.731 


*A 


ifi 


1 

Z 32 


7 

s 


1 


8 


.837 


if 


if 


219 

64 


1 


1J 


7 


.940 


113 


23 3 2 


2ft 


li 


11 


7 


1.065 


2 


2ft 


211 


li 


11 


6 


1.160 


2ft 


2tf 


3ft 


11 


li 


6 


1.284 


2f 


2f 


3 "f 


li 


11 


5ft 


1.389 


2ft 


2fi • 


3f 


11 


11 


5 


1.491 


2| 


3 ft 


Hi 


1 3 


H 


5 


1.616 


*H 


3H 


4 ft 


1 7 


2 


41 


1.712 


3 T 


I? 


i 


2 


21 


4J 


1.962 


3| 


2i 


2£ 


4 


2.176 


3| 


4i 


i« 


2| 


21 


4 


2.426 


41 


4ff 


21 


3 


3| 


2.629 


4| 


5f 

7l 

'32" 


6iX 


3 


3J 


31 


2.879 


5 


3| 


3J 


3J 


3.100 


5| 


3i 


31 


3 


3.317 


51 


3| 


4 


3 


3.567 


6i 


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Nominal 

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Foot. 


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39i 



Table No. 24. 
Standard Plate Washers. 



Diameter. 


Thickness, 
Wire Gage, 


Size of Hole, 


Size of Bolt. 


9 

To" 


No. 18 (A) 


1 
4 


3 
lo" 


T 




' 16(A) 


5 

1 u 


1 

4 


1 




' 16 «• 


t 


_5_ 
lo 


1 




' 14(A) 


TT 


3 

8 


H 




' 14 " 


1 


1 
T3" 


if 




* 12 (A) 


_9 

lo 


1 
2 


1* 




' 12 " 


5 

8 


9 

To 


if 




' 10 (i) 


1 1 
TO 


5 


2 




' 10 " 


13 

lo 


! 


n 




1 10 " 


1 5 
T<5 


t 


2* 




' 9 (A) 


1 1 

1 16 


1 


2f 




. 9 „ 


1 1 

x 4 


U 


3 




• 9 " 


1 1 


u 


3^ 




' 8(ii) 


1 1 

x 2 


If 


3f 




' 8 " 


1 5 

1 ¥ 


11 


3| 




' 8 " 


■*■ 4 


If 


4 




' 8 " 


1| 


If 


4* 




' 8 " 


2 


11 


4| 




, 8 ,< 


9 1 

^ 8 


2 


4f 




4 6 (A) 


2f 


2* 


5 




' 6 " 


2| 


2^ 



392 



Table No. 25. 

Standard Sizes of Heads of Rivets. 
Tank Rivets. 



Size of 
Rivet. 



i diam. 


A ' 




£ ' 




A ' 




t * 


' set. 


t ' 


' ex. 


A ' 





Button Heads. 



Wide. 



If 



Thick. 



A 



Flat Heads. 



Wide. 


Thick. 


9 

¥2 


A 


3 

8 


A 


H 


3 2 


21 

"32 


A 


23 

32 


_5_ 


25 
6 4 


11 
6 4" 


H 


tt 



3? 



Countersunk 
Heads. 



Wide. 


Thick. 


i 


1 

T6 


tt 


3 

32 


15 


A full. 


A 


A 4< 


f 


T 
32 


11 

16 


i 


3 


9 
32 



Table No. 26. 
Boiler Rivets. 



Size of 


Button Heads. 


Cone Heads. 


Countersunk 
Heads. 


Rivet. 


Wide, 


Thick. 


Wide. 


Thick. 


Wide, 


Thick. 


| in. 


1 


1 




15 
32 


1 


£ 


A " 


if 


1 


31 

32 


fi 


15 
T6" 


A 


f *' 


iA 


T<3 


IA 


A 


H 


JL 

23 


H " 


H 


1 

2 


U 


39 

6? 


iA 


5 
T¥ 


f v 


14 


A 


U 


tt 


n 


3 

8 


* " 


iA 


3 

4 


iA 


1 


if 


A 


1 " 


if 


3 

4 


if 


11 


H 


1 

2 


n " 


if 


13 
T6" 


i« 


H 


11 


A 


H " 


2 


1 


1 2A 


iA 


2| 


5 



393 



Table No. 27. 

Weights of Steel Plates 
Per Square Foot. 



Inches. 


Steel. 


Inches. 


Steel. 


Inches. 


Steel. 


1-16 


2.551 


35-64 


22.329 


1. 1-32 


42.10 6 


5-64 


3.189 


9-16 


22.966 


1. 3-64 


42.744 


3-32 


3.827 


37-64 


23.604 


1. 1-16 


43.381 


7-64 


4.465 


19-32 


24.242 


1. 5-64 


44.019 


1-8 


5.103 


39-64 


24.880 


1. 3-32 


44.657 


9-64 


5.741 


5-8 


25.518 


1. 7-64 


45.295 


5-32 


6.379 


41-64 


26.156 


1. 1-8 


45.933 


11-64 


7.017 


21-32 


26.794 


1. 9-64 


46.571 


3-16 


7.655 


43-64 


27.432 


1. 5-32 


47.209 


13-64 


8.293 


11-16 


28.070 


1.11-64 


47.847 


7-32 


8.931 


45-64 


28.708 


1. 3-16 


48.485 


15-64 


9.569 


23-32 


29.346 


1.13-64 


49.123 


1-4 


10.207 


47-64 


29.984 


1. 7-32 


49.761 


17-64 


10.845 


3-4 


30.622 


1.15-64 


50.399 


9-32 


11.483 


49-64 


31.260 


1. 1-4 


51.037 


19-64 


12.121 


25-32 


31.898 


1. 9-32 


52.313 


5-16 


12.759 


51-64 


32.536 


1. 5-16 


53.589 


21-64 


13.397 


13-16 


33.174 


1.11-32 


54.865 


11-32 


14.035 


53-64 


33.812 


1. 3-8 


56.141 


23-64 


14.673 


27-32 


34.450 


1.13-32 


57.417 


3-8 


15.3H 


55-64 


35.088 


1. 7-16 


58.693 


25-64 


15.949 


7-8 


35.726 


1.15-32 


59.969 


13-32 


16.587 


57-64 


36.364 


'1. 1-2 


61.245 


27-64 


17.225 


29-32 


37.002 


1.17-32 


62.521 


7-16 


17.863 


59-64 


37.640 


1. 9-16 


63.79 6 


29-64 


18.501 


15-16 


38.278 


1.19-32 


65.072 


15-32 


19.139 


61-64 


38.916 


1. 5-8 


66.348 


31-64 


19.777 


31-32 


39.554 


1.21-32 


67.624 


1-2 


20 415 


63-64 


40.192 


1.11-16 


68.900 


33-64 


21.053 


1. 


40.83 


1.23-32 


70.176 


17-32 


21.691 


1. 1-64 


41.467 


1. 3-4 


71.452 



394 



Table No. 28. 



Allowance for Dome Plates. 













Diameter of Shell. 








HO 
















»o 






















30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


80 




In 


In. 


In. 


- 
In. 


In. 


In. 


In. 


In. 


In. 


20 


e 


1 5| 


5! 














22 


r t 


1 6| 


51 


"h 












24 


s 


1 7| 


61 


51 


"5J 










26 




84 


7| 


61 


6 










28 




9| 


8 


7| 


6i 


"h' 








30 




101 


9 


8 


74 


61 


"64 


"51 


"54 


32 






10 


81 


8 


74 


61 


64 


51 


34 








91 


81 


8 


74 


7 


6 


36 










101 


91 


81 


8 


74 


61 


38 












101 


91 


81 


8 


7 


40 














101 


n 


91 


71 


42 














114 


104 


101 


8 


44 
















11 


10 


9 


46 
















124 


101 


91 


48 
















13 


111 


10 



Having the diameter of the dome and the shell to which it is to be 
attached, the width of the dome plate can be ascertained by adding the 
allowance named above to finished length of dome. 

This allows for single row of rivets on the flange. For double row of 
rivets add two inches to each of the above allowances. This is based on 
plates fy& inch and under. 



395 



Table No. 29. 

Table of Allowances for Overweight for Rect- 
angular or Circular Plates, due to 
Bending of Rolls. 

The Weight of 1 Cubic Inch of Rolled Steel is 
Assumed to be .2833 Pound. 

Plates Under i Inch in Thickness. 



Thickness of Plate. 


Width of Plate. 




Up to 50 in. 


53 in. and above. 


% in. up to V32 in. 

5/ « 3/ (t 

1 32 / 10 
3/ a t/ « 
/ia /4 


10 per cent. 
8/ 2 " 

7 


15 per cent. 

12J4 

10 







Width of Plate 




Thickness of Plate. 










Up to 75 in. 


75 in, to 100 in. 


Over 100 in. 


% inch 


10 per cent. 


14 per cent. 


18 per cent. 


"A. " 


8 


12 


16 


Vs " 


7 " 


10 


13 


T A. " 


6 


8 


10 


y 2 " 


5 


7 


9 


'A. " 


4/ 2 " 


6/ 2 " 


sy 2 " 


5 /£ " 


4 


6 


8 


Over ^ " 


3/ " 


5 


v/ 2 " 



396 



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397 



Table No. 31. 



Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper and Brass Plates. 
Birmingham Gage. 



V 


Thickness, Inches. 


Weight Per Square Foot 


IyBS. 


2 a 


Iron. 


Steel. 


Copper. 


Brass. 


0000 
000 


0.454 or Vie full... 
0.425 


18.2167 
17.0531 
15.2475 
13.6425 
12.0375 
11.3955 
10.3924 
9.5497 
8.8275 
8.1454 
7.2225 
6.6206 
5.9385 
5.3767 
4.8150 
4.3736 
3.8119 
3.3304 
2.8890 
2.6081 
2.3272 
1.9661 
1.6852 
1.4044 
1.2840 
1.1235 
1.0031 
0.8827 
0.8025 
0.7222 
0.6420 
0.5617 
0.5216 
0.4815 
0.4012 
0.3611 
0.3210 
0.2809 
0.2006 
0.1605 


18.4596 
17.2805 
15.4508 
13.8244 
12.1980 
11.5474 
10.5309 
9.6771 
8.9452 
8.2540 
7.3188 
6.7089 
6.0177 
5.4484 
4.8792 
4.4319 
3.8627 
3.3748 
2.9275 
2.6429 
2.3583 
1.9923 
1.7077 
1.4231 
1.3011 
1.1385 
1.0165 
0.8945 
0.8132 
0.7319 
0.6500 
0.5692 
0.5286 
0.4879 
0.4066 
0.3G59 
0.3253 
0.2846 
0.2033 
0.162G 


20.5652 
19.2525 
17.2140 
15.4020 
13.5900 
12.8652 
11.7327 
10.7814 
9.9660 
9.1959 
8.1540 
7.4745 
6.7044 
6.0702 
5.4360 
4.9377 
4.3035 
3.7599 
3.2616 
2.9445 
2.6274 
2.2197 
1.9026 
1.5855 
1.4496 
1.2684 
1.1325 
0.9966 
0.9060 
0.8154 
0.7248 
0.6342 
0.5889 
0.5436 
0.4530 
0.4077 
0.3624 
0.3171 
0.2265 
0.1812 


19.4312 
18.1900 


00 

1 


0.38 or y 8 full... 
0.34 or y 3 full... 
0.3 


16.2640 
14.5520 
12.8400 


2 


0.284 


12.1552 


3 

4 


0.259 or Y A full... 
0.238 


11.0852 
10.1864 


5 


0.22 


9.4160 


6 

7 

8 

9 

10 


0.203 or y s full... 
0.18 or V 16 light.. 
0.165 or y 6 light .. 
0.148 or Vt full... 
0.134 


8.6884 
7.7040 
7.0620 
6.3344 
5.7352 


11 

12 


0.12 or y s light.. 
0.109 


5.1360 
4.6652 


13 
14 


0.095 or V10 light.. 
0.083 


4.0660 
3.5524 


15 


0.072 


3.0816 


16 

17 


0.065 

0.058 


2.7820 
2.4824 


18 
19 


0.049 or V20 light.. 
. 042 


2.0972 
1.7976 


20 


. 035 . 


1.4980 


21 


0.032 


1.3696 


22 


0.028 . 


1.1984 


23 
24 


0.025 or V40 

0.022 


1.0700 
0.9416 


25 
26 


0.02 or Vbo 

0.018 


0.8560 
0.7704 


27 


0.016 


0.6848 


28 


0.014 


0.5992 


29 


0.013 


0.5504 


30 


0.012 


0.5136 


31 
32 


0.01 or Vxoo 

0.009 


0.4280 
0.3852 


33 


0.008 


0.3424 


34 


007 


0.2996 


35 
36 


0.005 or 7^ 

0.004 or 7 2 , 


0.2140 
0.1712 




1.00 inch thick. .. 


41.5696 


42.1236 


46.9308 


44.3408 



Table No. 32. 
Weight of Round and Square Iron. 



Thick- 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Thick- 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Diam. 


Square. 


Round. 


Diam. 


Square. 


Round. 


_3 
1 6 


.120 


.094 


A 


14.47 


11.36 


i 


.213 


.167 


1 


15.36 


12.06 


5 
1 (T 


.332 


.261 


_3_ 


16.28 


12.79 


| 


.478 


.375 


1 


17.22 


13.52 


tV 


.651 


.511 


A 


18.19 


14.29 


l 
5 


.851 


.668 


f 


19.19 


15.07 


T 9 6 


1.076 


.845 


l\ 


20.21 


15.87 


1 


1.329 


1.044 


l 


21.26 


16.70 


tJ- 


1.608 


1.263 


9 
T5" 


22.34 


17.55 


f 


1.914 


1.503 


5. 


23.44 


18.41 


T« 


2.246 


1.764 


11 
To 


24.57 


19.30 


1 


2.605 


2.046 


f 


25.73 


20.21 


15 


2.990 


2.348 


13 


26.91 


21.14 


3.402 


2.672 


1 


28.12 


22.09 


A 

1 


3.841 


3.017 


15 


29.36 


23.06 


4.306 


3.382 


3 16 


30.62 


24.05 




4.798 


3.768 


1 

16 
1 

8" 
3 


31.91 


25.06 


16 

i 

A 

1 

A 


5.316 


4.175 


33.23 


26.10 


5.861 


4.603 


34.57 


27.15 


6.432 


5.052 


i 

5 
T~6 


35.94 


28.23 


7.030 


5.521 


37.33 


29.32 


1 

2 

A 

5. 


7.655 


6.012 




38.75 


30.43 


8.306 


6.524 


t 

1 


40.20 


31.57 


8.984 


7.056 


41.68 


32.74 


8 

t 

it 


9.688 


7.609 


43.17 


33.91 


10.419 


8.183 


44.71 


35.12 


11.177 


8.778 


46.26 


36.33 


11.961 


9.394 


47.84 


37.57 


12.772 


10.031 


49.45 


38.84 


13.61 


10.69 


51.09 


40.13 








15 

T6 


52.75 


41.43 



399 





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40c 



Table No. 34. 

Estimated Weights of Black Sheets. 

U. S. Standard Gage. Weight per Sheet in Pounds. 



u s. 

Gauge 



I,b.s. pei 
Sq Ft 



Thickn's 

(inches) 



24x 96 
101 
108 
120 
138 
144 

26x 96 
101 
108 
120 
138 
144 

28x 96 
101 
108 
120 

30 x 96 

101 



120 
138 
144 

77 

96 
108 
120 
138 

144 

77 
96 
108 
120 
138 
144 



36x 



42 x 



43 x 77 
96 
108 
120 
138 
144 

54x 77 
96 
108 
120 
138 
144 

60x 77 
96 
108 
120 
138 
144 



5.625 



90.00 
94.69 
101.25 
112.50 
129. 3S 
135.00 

97.50 
102.58 
109.69 
121.88 
140.16 
146.25 

105.00 
110.47 
US. 13 



4.375 



64 



70.00 
73.65 
78.75 
87.50 
100.63 
105.00 

75.83 
79.78 
85.31 
94.79 
109.01 
113.75 

81.67 
85.92 
91.88 



131.25 102.08 

112.50 87.50 
US. 36 92.06 
126.56 98.44 
140.63 109.38 
161.72 125.78 
168.75131.25 

108.281 S4.22 
135.00 105.00 
151.8S118.13 
168. 75 1131. 25 
194.06145.47 
202.50 157.50 



3.125 



126. 
157. 
177. 
196. 

226. 
236. 

144. 
I -SO. 
202 . 
225. 
J5<. 
270. 



75 201 
00 210 



162.42 
201.50 
27.82 
253.13 
291.09 
303.75 



50.00 
52.60 
56.25 
62.50 
71.88 
75.00 

54.17 
57.00 
60.94 
67.71 

77.87 
81.25 

58.33 
61.37 
65.63 

72.92 

62.50 
65.76 
70.31 
78.13 
89.84 
93.75 

60.17 
75.00 
84.38 
93.75 
107.81 
112.50 

70.18 

87.50 

98.44 

109.38 

125.78 

131.25 



.29 80.21 
.00 100.00 
50,112.50 
.00 125.00 

25 j 143. 75 
00 150.00 



15 



16 



20 



2.8125 



45.00 
47.34 
50.63 
56.25 
64.69 
67.50 

48.75 
51.29 
54.84 
60.94 
70.08 
73.13 

52.50 
55.23 
59.06 
65.63 

56.25 
59.18 
62.69 
70.31 
80.86 
S4.38 

54.14 
67.50 
75.94 

84.38 

97.03 

101.25 

63.16 

78.75 

88.59 

98.44 

113.20 

118.13 

72.19 
90.00 
101.25 
112.50 
129.38 
135.00 



2.50 



40.00 
42.08 
45.00 
50.00 
57.50 
60.00 

43.33 

45.59 
48.75 
54.17 
62.29 
65.00 

46.67 
49.09 
52.50 
58.33 

50.00 
52.60 
56.25 
62.50 
71.88 
75.00 

48.13 
60.00 
67.50 
75.00 
86.25 
90.00 

56.14 
70.00 
78.75 
87.50 
100.63 
105.00 

64.17 

80.00 

90.00 

100.00 

115.00 

120.00 



2.00 



32.00 
33.67 
36.00 
40.00 
46.00 
48.00 

34.67 

36.47 
39.00 
43.33 
49.83 
52.00 

37.33 

39.28 
42.00 
46.67 

40.00 

42 OS 
45.00 
50.00 
57.50 
60 00 

38.50 
48.00 
54.00 
60.00 
69.00 
72.00 



1.50 
3 

80 



24.00 
25.25 
27.00 
30.00 
34.50 
36.00 

26.00 

27.35 
29.25 
32.50 
37.38 
39.00 

28.00 
29.46 
31.50 
35.00 

30.00 
31.56 
33.75 
37.50 
43.13 
45.00 



36.00 
40.50 
45.00 

51.75 



22 
1.25 

3£ 



20.00 
21.04 

22.50 
25.00 
28.75 
30.00 

21.67 
22.79 
24.37 
27.08 
31.15 
32.50 

23.33 

24.55 
26.25 
29.17 

25.0. 
26.30 
28.12 
31.25 
35.94 
37.50 

24.06 
30.00 
33.75 
37.50 
43.13 
54.00i45.00 



33.69 
42.00 
47.25 
52.51 
60.38 
63.00 

38.50 
48.00 
54.00 



69.00 
72.00 



28.07 
35.00 
39.37 
43.75 
50.31 
52 50 



32.08 
40.00 
45.00 
60.00 50.00 



57.50 
60.00 



24 

1.00 



16.00 

16. 

18.00 

20.00 

23.00 

24.00 

17.34 

18.24 
19.50 
21.67 
24.92 
26.00 

18.67 
19.64 
21.00 
23.33 

20.00 
21.04 
22.50 
25.00 
2S.75 
30.00 



19.25 
24.00 
27.00 
30.00 
34.50 
36.00 27 



28.00 

31. 

35.00 

40.2; 

42. 



26 
.75 

tIo 



12.00 
12.63 
13.50 
15.00 

17.25 
18.00 

13.00 
13.68 
14.63 

16.25 
18.69 
19.50 

14.00 
14.73 

15.75 
17.50 

15.00 

15.78 
16.88 
18.75 
21.56 
22.50 



14.44 
18.00 
20.25 
22.50 

25.88 
27.00 



22.46 16.84 
21.00 
50 23.63 
26.25 
.19 
00 31.50 



5 30. 



25.67 
32.00 
36.00 
40.00 
46.00 
48.00 



19.25 
24.00 
27.00 
30.00 
34.50 
36.00 



27 
6875 



11.00 

11.57 
12.38 
13.75 
15.81 
16.50 

11.92 

12.54 
13.41 
14.90 
17.13 
17.88 

12.83 
13.50 
14.44 
16.04 

13.75 

14.47 
15.47 
17.19 
19.77 
20.63 



13.23 
16.50 
18.56 
20.63 

23.72 
24.75 

15.44 

19.25 
21.66 
24.06 

27.67 
28.88 

17.65 
22.00 
24.75 
27.50 
31.63 
33.00 



28 
.625 



10.00 
10.52 
11.25 
12.50 
14.38 
15.00 

10.83 
11.40 
12.19 
13.54 
15.57 
16.25 

11.67 
12.27 
13.13 

14.58 

12.50 
13.15 
14.06 
15.63 
17.97 
18.75 



29 



.5625 



9.00 

9.47 

10.13 

11.25 



9.75 
10.26 
10.97 
12.19 



10.50 
11.05 
11.81 
13.13 

11.25 



8.00 

8.42 

9.00 

10.00 



8.67 

9.12 

9.75 

10.83 



9.33 

9.82 
10.50 
11.67 



12.03 
15.00 
16.88 
18.75 
21.56 
22.50 

14.04 
17.50 
19.69 

21. 8S 
25.16 
26.24 

16.04 
20.00 
22.50 
25.00 
28.75 
30.00 



126.3:; 

157. 

177.20|126 

196 ~" 
218.21 
236.2 



90.26 

2.50 

57 

63 

161.71 

.75 



50 112 



88 140 



., k;n 



180.48 140.36 
225.00 175.00 
1253.12 196.88 
281.26 219.36 

[328.44 251.56 
1 337.5n I 262. 50 



NOTE. 

Above estimated weights are based on U. S. 
standard gage for Iron. For Steel, add 2 per 
cent. These figures are given for convenience 
in estimating only, and may vary somewhat in 
actual practice. The sizes below the heavy 
black line will probably considerably exceed the 
weights given, and it is safe, therefore, to al- 
low for an overweight of at least 10 per cent. 



401 



Table No. 35. 

Weights of Steel Angles 

(With Fillet) 

Per Lineal Foot in Pounds. 





Thickness in Inches. 


Size in 
Inches. 


1 

8 


A 


1 

4 


5 


3 

8 


tV 


1 


9 

T6 


5 

8 


11 


I 


» 


1 


1 5 

T6 


1 


8 x8 














26.4 

17.0 

19.6 

16.2 

15.3 

16.2 

14.5 

13.6 

12.8 

11.9 

12.8 

11.9 

11.1 

11.1 

10.2 

9.4 

10.2 

8.1 

9.4 

8.5 

7.7 

8.5 

7.7 

6.8 


29.5 
19.0 
21.9 
18.1 
17.1 
18.1 
16.2 
15.2 
14.2 
13.3 
14.3 
13.3 
12.3 
12.3 
11.4 
10.4 
11.4 

9.0 
10.4 

9.5 


32.7 
21.0 
24.2 
20.0 
18.9 
20.0 
17.8 
16.8 
15.7 
14.6 
15.7 
14.6 
13.6 
13.6 
12.5 
11.4 
12.5 


35.8 
13.0 
26.5 
21.8 
20.6 
21.8 
19.5 
18.3 
17.1 
15.9 
17.1 
15.9 
14.8 
14.8 
13.6 
12.4 
13.6 


38.9 
24.9 
28.7 
23.6 
22.3 
23.6 
21.1 
19.9 
18.5 
17.2 
18.5 
17.2 
16.0 
16.0 
14.7 


42.0 
26.8 
30.9 
25.4 
24.0 
25.4 
22.6 
21.3 
19.9 
18.5 
19.9 
18.5 
17.1 
17.1 
15.7 


45.0 

28.7 
33.1 
27.2 
25.7 
27.2 
24.2 
22.7 


4S.0 
30.5 
35.3 
28.9 
27.3 
28.9 


51 


7 x31 












15.0 

17.2 

14.3 

13.5 

14.3 

12.8 

12.0 

11.3 

10.5 

11.3 

10.5 

9.8 

9.8 

9.1 

8.3 

9.0 

7.2 

8.4 

7.6 

6.8 

7.6 

6.8 

6.1 


3fl 3 


6 x6 










14.8 

12.3 

11.7 

12.3 

11.0 

10.4 

9.8 

9.1 

9.8 

9.1 

8.5 

8.5 

7.8 

7.2 

7.8 

6.2 

7.2 

6.6 

5.9 

6.6 

5.9 

5.3 


37 4 


6 x4 










30 6 


6 x3| 










?S 9 


5 x5 










30 6 


5 x4 












5 x3| 














5 x3 








8.2 






4| x3 














4 x4 




5.2 


6.6 


8.2 








4 x3h 








4 x3 








7.1 
7.1 
6.6 
6.1 








3| x3| 






5.7 








3J x3 
3i x2J 
34 x34 
34 x2 
3 x3 
















4.9 












14.7 










2.6 




4.3 

4.9 
4.5 
4.1 
4.5 
4.1 
3.7 


5.3 
6.1 
5.5 
5.0 
5.5 
5.0 
4.5 










12.4 


12.4 


13.4 


14.4 








3 x21 








3 x2 


2A 
2.1 

i'.i 

'lA 

'ii2 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
0.9 
0.8 

6.7 
0.7 
0.6 
0.5 


3.1 
3.5 
3.0 

2.8 
2.6 
2.4 
2.8 
2.3 
2.5 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.0 
1.8 

'lA 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
0.8 
















2| x2i 
21 x2h 
2\ x2 
2\ x1l 
2J xU 
24 x24 
24 xli 
2 x2 


















8.5 


9.3 


10.1 






































3.2 
3.7 
3.0 
3.2 
2.8 
2.7 
2.8 
2.6 
2.4 
1.8 
1.9 
1.9 
1.7 
1.5 


3.9 
4.5 
3.7 
4.0 
3.4 
3.3 
3.4 
3.3 
2.9 


4.6 
5.3 
4.3 
4.7 
4.0 
3.8 
4.0 
3.9 
3.4 


5.3 
6.1 
5.0 
5.3 


6.0 
6.8 
5.5 


































































2 xl| 
2 xlg 
•13 x13 
11 x1| 
11 xU 
11 x1 
li x % 
14 x14 
H xli 
1 x1 








































4.6 






































































































2.4 

2.1 




































































1 x 1 

1 x r 

1 x 3 
1 x § 



































































































































402 



Table No. 36. 
Number of Rivets in 100 Pounds. 



Lengths. y s 


In. 


lVln- 


J£ln. 


i\m. 


s AIn. 


Bin. 


%m. 


y&m. 


1 . 1 


965 


1429 


1092 


944 


665 








I 1 


848 


1335 


1027 


846 


597 






. . .. 


1 1 


692 


1222 


94C 


763 


538 


450 




. . » 


11 1 


512 


1092 


84C 


726 


512 


415 




. . . 


11 1 


437 


1036 


79 r 


' 691 


487 


389 


356 


228 


11 1 


368 


988 


76( 


) 653 


4£0 


370 


329 


211 


u 1 


300 


949 


73( 


) 624 


440 


357 


280 


180 


it 1 


260 


924 


711 


L 596 


420 


340 


271 


174 


it 1 


200 


900 


69; 


I 553 


390 


325 


262 


169 


11 . ] 


.156 


840 


645 


I 532 


375 


312 


257 


165 


2 ] 


.100 


789 


605 


I 511 


360 


297 


243 


156 


2| 1 


.031 


744 


57. 


1 502 


354 


289 


237 


152 


21 


999 


721 


55. 


5 491 


347 


280 


232 


149 


21 


945 


682 


52, 


3 475 


335 


260 


220 


141 


21 


900 


650 


501 


) 443 


312 


242 


208 


133 


3 


828 


598 


46< 


) 411 


290 


224 


197 


127 


3J 


779 


562 


43. 


3 379 


267 


212 


180 


115 


n 


743 


536 


41. 


3 352 


248 


201 


169 


108 


31 


715 


513 


39. 


5 341 


241 


192 


ISO 


102 


4 








. 326 


230 


184 


158 


99 


4| 








. 312 


220 


177 


150 


96 


41 












298 


210 


171 


146 


94 


41 












284 


200 


166 


138 


89 


5 












270 


190 


161 


135 


87 


51 












256 


180 


156 


130 


84 


51 












244 


172 


151 


124 


80 


51 












233 


164 


145 


120 


77 


6 












223 


157 


140 


115 


74 


61 












213 


150 


138 


111 


71 


6i 












207 


146 


134 


107 


69 


61 












203 


143 


129 


104 


67 


7 












198 


140 


125 


100 


64 



Length of rivets are measured under the head. 



403 



Table No. 37. 

Weight of One Cubic Foot of Water at Various 
Temperatures. 



fc 


P»0 


X 


5 c 

fto 


% 


u 


r v 
S & 


■S-9 

£<3 


: u 
S bo 

V V 


3'* 
^0 


3 be 
185 


♦'ft 

to.y 
£3 


32 


62.418 


105 


61.960 


60.430 


35 


62.422 


110 


61.868 


190 


60.314 


39.1 


62.425 


115 


61.807 


195 


60.198 


40 


62.425 


120 


61.715 


200 


60.081 


45 


62 . 422 


125 


61.654 


205 


59.930 


50 


62.409 


130 


61.563 


210 


59.820 


55 


62.394 


135 


61.472 


212 


59.760 


60 


62.372 


140 


61.381 


212 


59.640 


65 


62.344 


145 


61.291 


230 


59.360 


70 


62.313 


150 


61.201 


250 


58.780 


75 


62.275 


155 


61.096 


270 


58.150 


80 


62.232 


160 


60.991 


290 


57.590 


85 


62.182 


165 


60.843 


298 


57.270 


90 


62.133 


170 


60.783 


338 


56.140 


95 


62.074 


175 


60.665 


366 


55.290 


100 


62.022 


180 


60.548 


390 


54.540 



The first valve for 212 degrees is by formula, the second by measurement 



404 



Table No. $S. 

Equivalents of Millimetres in Inches. 

Inches = Millimetres x .03937079. 



Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


1 


.0394 


46 


1.8111 


91 


3.5827 


136 


5.3544 


2 


.0787 


47 


1.8504 


92 


3.6221 


137 


5.3938 


3 


.1181 


48 


1.8898 


93 


3.6615 


138 


5.4332 


4 


.1575 


49 


1.9292 


94 


3.7009 


139 


5.4725 


5 


.1969 


50 


1.9685 


95 


3.7402 


140 


5.5119 


6 


.2362 


51 


2.0079 


96 


3.7796 


141 


5.5513 


7 


.2756 


52 


2.0473 


97 


3.8190 


142 


5.5907 


8 


.3150 


53 


2.0867 


98 


3.8583 


143 


5.6300 


9 


.3543 


54 


2.1260 


99 


3.8977 


144 


5.6694 


10 


.3937 


55 


2.1654 


100 


3.9371 


145 


5.7088 


11 


.4331 


56 


2.2048 


101 


3.9764 


146 


5.7481 


12 


.4724 


57 


2.2441 


102 


4.0158 


147 


5.7875 


13 


.5118 


58 


2.2835 


103 


4.0552 


148 


5.8269 


14 


.5512 


59 


2.3229 


104 


4.0946 


149 


5.8662 


15 


.5906 


60 


2.3622 


105 


4.1339 


150 


5.9056 


16 


.6299 


61 


2.4016 


106 


4.1733 


151 


5.9450 


17 


.6893 


62 


2.4410 


107 


4.2127 


152 


5.9844 


18 


.7087 


63 


2.4804 


108 


4.2520 


153 


6.0237 


19 


.7480 


64 


2.5197 


109 


4.2914 


154 


6.0031 


20 


.7874 


65 


2.5591 


110 


4.3308 


155 


6.1025 


21 


.8268 


65 


2.5985 


111 


4.3702 


156 


6.1418 


22 


.8662 


67 


2.6378 


112 


4.4095 


157 


6.1812 


23 


.9055 


68 


2.6772 


113 


4.4489 


158 


6.2206 


24 


.9449 


69 


2.7166 


114 


4.4883 


159 


6.2600 


25 


.9843 


70 


2.7560 


115 


4.5276 


160 


6.2993 


26 


1.0236 


71 


2.7953 


116 


4.5870 


161 


6.3387 


27 


1.0630 


72 


2.8347 


117 


4.6064 


162 


6.3781 


28 


1.1024 


73 


2.8741 


118 


4.6458 


163 


6.4174 


29 


1.1418 


74 


2.9134 


119 


4.6851 


164 


6.4568 


30 


1.1811 


75 


2.9528 


120 


4.7245 


165 


6.4962 


31 


1.2235 


76 


2.9922 


121 


4.7639 


166 


6.5356 


32 


1.2599 


77 


3.0316 


122 


4.8032 


167 


6.5749 


33 


1.2992 


78 


3.0709 


123 


4.8426 


168 


6.6143 


34 


1.3386 


79 


3.1103 


124 


4.8820 


169 


6.6537 


35 


1.3780 


80 


3.1497 


125 


4.9213 


170 


6.6930 


36 


1.4173 


81 


3.1890 


126 


4.9607 


171 


6.7324 


37 


1.4567 


82 


3.2284 


127 


5.0001 


172 


6.7718 


38 


1.4961 


83 


3.2678 


128 


5.0395 


173 


6.8111 


39 


1.5355 


84 


3.3071 


129 


5.0788 


174 


6.8505 


40 


1.5748 


85 


3.3465 


130 


5.1182 


175 


6.8899 


41 


1.6142 


86 


3.3859 


131 


5.1576 


176 


6.9293 


42 


1.6536 


87 


3.4253 


132 


5.1969 


177 


6.9686 


43 


1.6929 


88 


3.4646 


133 


5.2363 


178 


7.0080 


44 


1.7323 


89 


3.5040 


134 


5.2757 


179 


7.0474 


45 


1.7717 


90 


3.5434 


135 


5.3151 


180 


7.0867 



405 



Equivalents of Millimetres in Inches. 
[Continued) . 



Mm. 


Inches. 1 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


181 


7.1261 


226 


8.8978 


271 


10.6695 


316 


12.4412 


182 


7.1655 


227 


8.9372 


272 


10.7089 


317 


12.4805 


183 


7.2049 


228 


8.9765 


273 


10.7482 


318 


12.5199 


184 


7.2442 


229 


9.0159 


274 


10.7876 


319 


12.5593 


185 


7.2836 


230 


9.0553 


275 


10.8270 


320 


12.5987 


186 


7.3230 


231 


9.0947 


276 


10.8663 


321 


12.6380 


187 


7.3623 


232 


9.1340- 


277 


10.9057 


322 


12.6774 


188 


7.4017 


233 


9.1734 


278 


10.9451 


323 


12.7168 


189 


7.4411 


234 


9.2128 


279 


10.9845 


324 


12.7561 


190 


7.4805 


235 


9.2521 


280 


11.0238 


325 


12.7955 


191 


7.5198 


236 


9.2915 


281 


11.0632 


326 


12.8349 


192 


7.5592 


237 


9.3309 


282 


11.1026 


327 


12.8742 


193 


7.5986 


238 


9.3702 


283 


11.1419 


328 


12.9136 


194 


7.6379 


239 


9.4096 


284 


11.1813 


329 


12.9530 


195 


7.6773 


240 


9.4490 


285 


11.2207 


330 


12.9924 


196 


7.7167 


241 


9.4884 


286 


11.2600 


331 


13.0317 


197 


7.7560- 


242 


9.5277 


287 


11.2994 


332 


13.0711 


198 


7.7954 


243 


9.5671 


288 


11.3388 


333 


13.1105 


199 


7.8348 


244 


9.6065 


289 


11.3782 


334 


13.1498 


200 


7.8742 


245 


9.6458 


290 


11.4175 


335 


13.1892 


201 


7.9135 


246 


9.6852 


291 


11.4569 


336 


13.2286 


202 


7.9529 


247 


9.7246 


292 


11.4963 


337 


13.2680 


203 


7.9923 


248 


9.7640 


293 


11.5356 


338 


13.3073 


204 


8.0316 


249 


9 8033 


294 


11.5750 


339 


13.3467 


205 


8.0710 


250 


9.8427 


295 


11.6144 


340 


13.3861 


206 


8.1104 


251 


9.8821 


296 


11.6538 


341 


13.4254 


207 


8.1498 


252 


9.9214 


297 


11.6931 


342 


13.4648 


208 


8.1891 


253 


9. 9608 


298 


11.7325 


343 


13.5042 


209 


8.2285 


254 


10.0002 


299 


11.7719 


344 


13.5436 


210 


8.2679 


255 


10.0396 


300 


11.8112 


345 


13.5829 


211 


8.3072 


256 


10.0789 


301 


11.8506 


346 


13.6223 


212 


8.3466 


257 


10.1183 


302 


11.8900 


347 


13.6617 


213 


8 : 3860 


258 


10.1577 


303 


11.9293 


348 


13.7010 


214 


8.4253 


259 


10.1970 


304 


11.9687 


349 


13.7404 


215 


8.4647 


260 


10.2364 


305 


12.0081 


350 


13.7798 


216 


8.5041 


261 


10.2758 


306 


12.0475 


351 


13.8191 


217 


8.5435 


262 


10.3151 


307 


12.0868 


352 


13.8585 


218 


8.5828 


263 


10.3545 


308 


12.1262 


353 


13.8979 


219 


8.6222 


264 


10.3939 


309 


12.1656 


354 


13.9373 


220 


8.6616 


265 


10.4333 


310 


12.2049 


355 


13.9766 


221 


8.7009 


266 


10.4726 


311 


12.2443 


356 


14.0160 


222 


8.7403 


267 


10.5120 


312 


12.2837 


357 


14.0554 


223 


8.7797 


268 


10.5514 


313 


12.3231 


358 


14.0947 


224 


8.8191 


269 


10.5907 


314 


12.3624 


359 


14.1341 


225 


8.8584 


270 


10.6301 


315 


12.4018 


360 


14.1735 



406 



Equivalents of Millimetres in Inches. 
{Continued) . 



Inches. 


Mm. 


14.2129 


406 


14.2522 


407 


14.2916 


408 


14.3310 


409 


14.3703 


410 


14.4097 


411 


14.4491 


412 


14.4885 


413 


14.5278 


414 


14.5672 


415 


14.6066 


416 


14.6459 


417 


14.6853 


418 


14.7247 


419 


14.7640 


420 


14.8034 


421 


14.8428 


422 


14.8822 


423 


14.9215 


424 


14.9609 


425 


15.0003 


426 


15.0396 


427 


15.0790 


428 


15.1184 


429 


15.1578 


430 


15.1971 


431 


15.2365 


432 


15.2759 


433 


15.3152 


434 


15.3546 


435 


15.3940 


436 


15.4333 


437 


15.4727 


438 


15.5121 


439 


15.5515 


440 


15.5908 


441 


15.6302 


442 


15.6696 


443 


15.7089 


444 


15.7483 


445 


15.7877 


446 


15.8271 


447 


15.8664 


448 


15.9058 


449 


15.9452 


450 



Inches. 


Mm. 


15 


.9845 


451 


16 


.0239 


452 


16 


.0633 


453 


16 


.1027 


454 


16 


.1420 


455 


16 


.1814 


456 


16 


2208 


457 


16 


.2601 


458 


16 


.2995 


459 


16 


.3389 


460 


16 


.3782 


461 


16 


.4176 


462 


16 


.4570 


463 


16 


.4964 


464 


16 


.5357 


465 


16 


.5751 


466 


16 


.6145 


467 


16 


.6538 


468 


16 


.6932 


469 


16 


.7326 


470 


16 


.7720 


471 


16 


.8113 


472 


16 


.8507 


473 


16 


8901 


474 


16 


9294 


475 


16 


9688 


476 


17 


0082 


477 


17 


0476 


478 


17 


0869 


479 


17 


1263 


480 


17 


1657 


481 


17 


2050 


482 


17 


2444 


483 


17 


2838 


484 


17 


3231 


485 


17 


3625 


486 


17 


4019 


487 


17 


4413 


488 


17 


4806 


489 


17 


5200 


490 


17 


5594 


491 


17 


5987 


492 


17 


6381 


493 


17 


6775 


494 


17 


7169 


495 



Inches. 


Mm. 


17 


.7562 


496 


17 


.7956 


497 


17 


.8350 


498 


17 


.8743 


499 


17 


.9137 


500, 


17 


.9531 


501 


17 


.9925 


502 


18 


.0318 


503 


18 


.0712 


504 


18 


.1106 


505 


18 


.1499 


506 


18 


.1893 


507 


18 


.2287 


508 


18 


.2680 


509 


18 


.3074 


510 


18 


.3468 


511 


18 


.3862 


512 


18 


.4255 


513 


18 


.4649 


514 


18 


.5043 


515 


18 


5436 


516 


18 


5830 


517 


18 


6224 


518 


18 


6618 


519 


18 


7011 


520 


18 


7405 


521 


18 


7799 


522 


18 


8192 


523 


18 


8586 


524 


18 


8980 


525 


18 


9373 


526 


18 


9767 


527 


19 


0161 


528 


19 


0555 


529 


19 


0948 


530 


19 


1342 


531 


19 


1736 


532 


19 


2129 


533 


19. 


2523 


534 


19. 


2917 


535 


19. 


3311 


536 


19. 


3704 


537 


19. 


4098 


538 


19. 


4492 


539 


19. 


4885 


540 



Inches. 



19.5279 
19.5673 
19.6067 
19.6460 
19.6854 
19.7248 
19.7641 
19.8035 
19.8429 
19.8822 
19.9216 
19.9610 
20.0004 
20.0397 
20.0791 
20.1185 
20.1578 
20.1972 
20.2366 
20.2760 
20.3153 
20.3547 
20.3941 
20.4334 
20.4728 
20.5122 
20.5516 
20.5909 
20.6303 
20.6697 
20.7090 
20.7484 
20.7878 
20.8271 
20.8665 
20.9059 
20.9453 
20.9846 
21.0240 
21.0634 
21.1027 
21.1421 
21.1815 
21.2209 
21.2602 



407 



Equivalents of Millimetres in Inches. 
(Continued) . 



Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


541 


21.2996 


586 


23.0713 


631 


24.8430 


676 


26 6147 


542 


21.3390 


587 


23.1107 


632 


24.8823 


677 


26.6540 


543 


21.3783 


588 


23.1500 


633 


24.9217 


678 


26.6934 


544 


21.4177 


589 


23.1894 


634 


24.9611 


679 


26.7328 


545 


21.4571 


590 


23.2288 


635 


25.0005 


680 


26.7721 


546 


21.4965 


591 


23.2681 


636 


25.0398 


681 


26.8115 


547 


21.5358 


592 


23.3075 


637 


25.0792 


682 


26.8509 


548 


21.5752 


593 


23.3469 


638 


25.1186 


683 


26.8902 


549 


21.6146 


594 


23.3862 


639 


25.1579 


684 


26.9296 


550 


21.6539 


595 


23.4256 


640 


25.1973 


685 


26.9690 


551 


21.6933 


596 


23.4650 


641 


25.2367 


686 


27.0084 


552 


21.7327 


597 


23.5044 


642 


25.2760 


687 


27.0477 


553 


21.7720 


598 


23.5437 


643 


25.3154 


688 


27.0871 


554 


21.8114 


599 


23.5831 


644 


25.3548 


689 


27.1265 


555 


21.8508 


600 


23.6225 


645 


25.3942 


690 


27.1658 


556 


21.8902 


601 


23.6618 


646 


25.4335 


691 


27.2052 


557 


21.9295 


602 


23.7012 


647 


25.4729 


692 


27.2446 


558 


21.9689 


603 


23.7406 


648 


25.5123 


693 


27.2840 


559 


22.0083 


604 


23.7800 


649 


25.5516 


694 


27.3233 


560 


22.0476 


605 


23.8193 


650 


25.5910 


695 


27.3627 


561 


22.0870 


606 


23.8587 


651 


25.6304 


696 


27.4021 


562 


22.1264 


607 


23.8981 


652 


25.6698 


697 


27.4414 


563 


22.1658 


608 


23.9374 


653 


25.7091 


698 


27.4808 


564 


22.2051 


609 


23.9768 


654 


25.7485 


699 


27.5202 


565 


22.2445 


610 


24.0162 


655 


25.7879 


700 


27.5596 


566 


22.2839 


611 


24.0556 


656 


25.8272 


701 


27.5989 


567 


22.3232 


612 


24.0949 


657 


25.8666 


702 


27.6383 


568 


22.3626 


613 


24.1343 


658 


25.9060 


703 


27.6777 


569 


22.4020 


614 


24.1737 


659 


25.9454 


704 


27.7170 


570 


22.4414 


615 


24.2130 


660 


25.9847 


705 


27.7564 


571 


22.4807 


616 


24.2524 


661 


26.0241 


706 


27.7958 


572 


22.5201 


617 


24.2918 


662 


26.0635 


707 


27.8351 


573 


22.5595 


618 


24.3311 


663 


26.1028 


708 


27.8745 


574 


22.598S 


619 


24.3705 


664 


26.1422 


709 


27.9139 


575 


22.6382 


620 


24.4099 


665 


26.1816 


710 


27.9533 


576 


22.6776 


621 


24.4493 


666 


26.2209 


711 


27.9926 


577 


22.7169 


622 


24.4886 


667 


26.2603 


712 


28.0320 


573 


22.7563 


623 


24.5280 


668 


26.2997 


713 


28.0714 


579 


22.7957 


624 


24.5674 


669 


26.3391 


714 


28.1107 


580 


22.8351 


625 


24.6067 


670 


26.3784 


715 


28.1501 


581 


22.8744 


626 


24.6461 


671 


26.4178 


716 


28.1895 


582 


22.9138 


627 


24.6855 


672 


26.4572 


717 


28.2289 


583 


22.9532 


628 


24.7249 


673 


26.4965 


718 


28.2682 


584 


22.9925 


629 


24.7642 


674 


26.5359 


719 


28.3076 


585 


23.0319 


630 


24.8036 


675 


26.5753 


720 


28.3470 



408 



Equivalents of Millimetres in Inches. 
(Continued) . 



Mm. 


Inches 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


721 


28.3863 


766 


30.1580 


811 


31.9297 


856 


33.7014 


722 


28.4257 


767 


30.1974 


812 


31.9691 


857 


33.7408 


723 


28.4651 


768 


30.2368 


813 


32.0085 


858 


33.7801 


724 


28.5045 


769 


30.2761 


814 


32.0478 


859 


33.8195 


725 


28.5438 


770 


30.3155 


815 


32.0872 


860 


33.8589 


726 


28.5832 


771 


30.3549 


816 


32.1266 


861 


33.8983 


727 


28.6226 


772 


30.3942 


817 


32.1659 


862 


33.9376 


728 


28.6619 


773 


30.4336 


818 


32.2053 


863 


33.9770 


729 


28.7013 


774 


30.4730 


819 


32.2447 


864 


34.0164 


730 


28.7407 


775 


30.5124 


820 


32.2840 


865 


34.0557 


731 


28.7800 


776 


30.5517 


821 


32.3234 


866 


34.0951 


732 


28.8194 


777 


30.5911 


822 


32.3628 


867 


34.1345 


733 


28.8588 


778 


30.6305 


823 


32.4022 


868 


34.1738 


734 


28.8982 


779 


30.6698 


824 


32.4415 


869 


34.2132 


735 


28.9375 


780 


30.7092 


825 


32.4809 


870 


34.2526 


736 


28.9769 


781 


30.7486 


826 


32.5203 


871 


34.2920 


737 


29.0163 


782 


30.7880 


827 


32.5596 


872 


34.3313 


738 


29.0556 


783 


30.8273 


828 


32.5990 


873 


34.3707 


739 


29.0950 


784 


30.8667 


829 


32.6384 


874 


34.4101 


740 


29.1344 


785 


30.9061 


830 


32.6778 


875 


34.4494 


741 


29.1738 


786 


30.9454 


831 


32.7171 


876 


34.4888 


742 


29.2131 


787 


30.9848 


832 


32.7565 


877 


34.5282 


743 


29.2525 


788 


31.0242 


833 


32.7959 


878 


34.5676 


744 


29.2919 


789 


31.0636 


834 


32.8352 


879 


34.6069 


745 


29.3312 


790 


31.1029 


835 


32.8746 


880 


34.6463 


746 


29.3706 


791 


31.1423 


836 


32.9140 


881 


34.6857 


747 


29.4100 


792 


31.1817 


837 


32.9534 


882 


34.7250 


748 


29.4494 


793 


31.2210 


838 


32.9927 


883 


34.7644 


749 


29.4887 


794 


31.2604 


839 


33.0321 


884 


34.8038 


750 


29.5281 


795 


31.2998 


840 


33.0715 


885 


34.8431 


751 


29.5675 


796 


31.3391 


841 


33.1108 


886 


34.8825 


752 


29.6068 


797 


31.3785 


842 


33.1502 


887 


34.9219 


753 


29.6462 


798 


31.4179 


843 


33.1896 


888 


34.9613 


754 


29.6856 


799 


31.4573 


844 


33.2289 


889 


35.0006 


755 


29.7249 


800 


31.4966 


845 


33.2683 


890 


35.0400 


756 


29.7643 


801 


31.5360 


846 


33.3077 


891 


35.0794 


757 


298037 


802 


31.5754 


847 


33.3471 


892 


35.1187 


758 


29.8431 


803 


31.6147 


848 


33.3864 


893 


35.1581 


759 


29.8824 


804 


31.6541 


849 


33.4258 


894 


35.1975 


760 


29.9218 


805 


31.6935 


850 


33.4652 


895 


35.2369 


761 


29.9612 


806 


31.7329 


851 


33.5045 


896 


35.2762 


762 


30.0005 


807 


31.7722 


852 


33.5439 


897 


35.3156 


763 


30.0399 


808 


31 8116 


853 


33.5833 


898 


35.3550 


764 


30.0793 


809 


31.8510 


854 


33.6227 


899 


35.3943 


765 


30.1187 


810 


31.8903 


855 


33.6620 


900 


35.4337 



409 



Equivalents of Millimetres in Inches. 
{Concluded). 



Mm. | Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


901 


35.4731 


926 


36.4574 


951 


37.4416 


976 


38.4259 


902 


35.5125 


927 


36.4967 


952 


37.4810 


977 


38.4653 


903 


35.5518 


928 


36.5361 


953 


37.5204 


978 


38.5046 


904 


35.5912 


929 


36.5755 


954 


37.5597 


979 


38.5440 


905 


35.6306 


930 


36. .6148 


955 


37.5991 


980 


38.5834 


906 


35.6699 


931 


36.6542 


956 


37.6385 


981 


38.6227 


907 


35.7093 


932 


36.6936 


957 


37.6778 


982 


38.6621 


908 


35.7487 


933 


36.7329 


958 


37.7172 


983 


38.7015 


909 


35.7880 


934 


36.7723 


959 


37.7566 


984 


38.7409 


910 


35.8274 


935 


36.8117 


960 


37.7960 


985 


38.7802 


911 


35.8668 


936 


36.8511 


961 


37.8353 


986 


38.8196 


912 


35.9062 


937 


36.8904 


962 


37.8747 


987 


38.8590 


913 


35.9455 


938 


36.9298 


963 


37.9141 


988 


38.8983 


914 


35.9849 


939 


36.9692 


964 


37.9534 


989 


38.9377 


915 


36.0243 


940 


37.0085 


965 


37.9928 


990 


38.9771 


916 


36.0636 


941 


37.0479 


966 


38.0322 


991 


39.0165 


917 


36.1030 


942 


37.0873 


967 


38.0716 


992 


39.0558 


918 


36.1424 


943 


37.1267 


968 


38.1109 


993 


39.0952 


919 


36.1818 


944 


37.1660 


969 


38.1503 


994 


39.1346 


920 


36.2211 


945 


37.2054 


970 


38.1897 


995 


39.1739 


921 


36.2605 


94G 


37.2448 


971 


38.2290 


996 


39.2133 


922 


36.2999 


947 


37.2841 


972 


38.2684 


997 


39.2527 


923 


36.3392 


948 


37.3235 


973 


38.3078 


998 


39.2920 


924 


36.3786 


949 


37.3629 


974 


38.3471 


999 


39.3314 


925 


3«6.4180 


950 


37.4023 


975 


38.3865 


1000 


39.3708 



Table No. 39. 

Equivalents of Inches and Fractions of an Inch 

in Millimetres. 

Millimetres = Inches x 25.39954. 



Inch. 






32 



Mm. 



3969 
7937 
1906 
5875 
9843 
3812 
7781 
1749 
5718 
,9687 
3655 
.7624 
.1593 
.5561 
.9530 
.3499 



Inch. 



32 
29 



Mm. 



6.7468 

7.1436 

7.5405 

7.9374 

8.3342 

8.7311 

9.1280 

9.5248 

9.9217 

10.3186 

10.7154 

11.1123 

11.5092 

11.9060 

12.3029 

12.6998 



Inch. 



tt 



Mm. 



13.0966 
13.4935 
13.8904 
14.2872 
14.6841 
15.0810 
15.4778 
15.8747 
16.2716 
16.6684 
17.0653 
17.4622 
17.8591 
18.2559 
18.6528 
19.0497 



Inch. 



Mm. 



19.4465 
19.8434 
20.2403 
20.6371 
21.0340 
21.4309 
21.8277 
22.2246 
22.6215 
23.0183 
23.4152 
23.8121 
24.2089 
24.6058 
25.0027 
25.3995 



410 



Table No. 40. 

Equivalents of Inches and Fractions of an Inch 
in Milimetres. 



Milimetres 



Inches X 25.39954. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

31 
32 
33 
34 
35 

In. 



25.400 
50.799 
76.199 
101.60 
127.00 

152.40 
177.80 
203.20 
228.60 
254.00 

279.39 
304.79 
330.19 
355.59 
380.99 

406.39 
431.79 
457.19 
482.59 
507.99 

533.39 

558.79 
584.19 
609.59 
634.99 

660.39 
685.79 
711.19 
736.59 
761.99 

787.39 
812.79 
838.18 
863.58 
888.98 



28.574 
53.974 
79.374 
104.77 
130.17 

155.57 

180.97 
206.37 
231.77 
257.17 

282.57 
307.97 
333.37 
358.77 
384.17 

409.57 
434.97 
460.37 
485.77 
511.17 

536.57 
561.96 
587.36 
612.76 
638.16 

663.56 
688.96 
714.36 
739.76 
765.16 

790.56 
815.96 
841.36 
866.76 
892.16 



31.749 
57.149 
82.549 
107.95 
133.35 

158.75 
184.15 
209.55 
234.95 
260.35 

285.74 
311.14 
336.54 
361.94 
387.34 

412.74 
438.14 
463.54 
488.94 
514.34 

539.74 
565.14 
590.54 
615.94 
641.34 

666.74 
692.14 
717.54 

742.94 
768.34 

793.74 
819.14 
844.53 
869.93 
895.33 

% 



34.924 
60.324 
85.723 
111.12 
136.52 

161.92 
187.32 
212.72 
238.12 
263.52 

288.92 
314.32 
339.72 
365.12 
390.52 

415.92 
441.32 
466.72 
492.12 
517.52 

542.92 
568.31 
593.71 
619.11 
644.51 

669.91 
695.31 
720.71 
746.11 
771.51 

796.91 
822.31 
847.71 
873.11 
898.51 

H 



l A 



38.099 
63.499 
88.898 
114.30 
139.70 

165.10 
190.50 
215.90 
241.30 
266.70 

292.09 
317.49 
342.89 
368.29 
393.69 

419.09 
444.49 
469.89 
495.29 
520.69 

546.09 
571.49 
596.89 
622.29 
647.69 

673.09 
698.49 
723.89 
749.29 
774.69 

800.09 
825.49 
850.88 
876.28 
901.68 



41.274 
66.674 
92.073 
117.47 
142.87 

168.27 
193.67 
219.07 
244.47 
269.87 

295.27 
320.67 
346.07 
371.47 
396.87 

422.27 
447.67 
473.07 
498.47 
523.87 

549.27 
574.66 
600.06 
625.46 
650.86 

676.26 
701.66 

727.06 
752.46 
777.86 

803.26 
828.66 
854.06 
879.46 
904.86 



44.449 
69.849 
95.248 
120.65 
146.05 

171.45 

196.85 
222.25 
247.65 
273.05 

298.44 
323.84 
349.24 
374.64 
400.04 

425.44 
450.84 
476.24 
501.64 
527.04 

552.44 
577.84 
603.24 
628.64 
654.04 

679.44 
704.84 
730.24 
755.64 
781.04 

806.44 
831.83 
857.23 
882.63 
908.03 

% 



47.624 
73.024 
98.423 
123.82 
149.22 

174.62 
200.02 
225.42 
250.82 
276.22 

301.62 
327.02 
352.42 

377.82 
403.22 

428.62 
454.02 
479.42 
504.82 
530.22 

555.61 
581.01 
606.41 
631.81 
657.21 

682.61 
708.01 
733.41 
758.81 
784.21 

809.61 
835.01 
860.41 
885.81 
911.21 



411 



Index 



* 



Accurate bending 1 33 

Air hammer 282-329 

Air jacks for holding plates 318 

Air motors for tapping 161 

Air riveter 182 

Air tanks 183 

Allowance for overweight of plates 396 

Angle iron shear 11 1-302 

Angles — tables of 343 

Angles (steel) — weight of 402 

Areas of circles 341-351 

Assembling and calking 274 

Automatic punch and shear 313 

Babcock and Wilcox boiler 9 

Back head stays 180 

Back marker 71 

Ball joints 162-239-242 

Beams — bending moments of 3"8 

Bearing values of pin plates 3/6 

Bell 279 

Belpaire boiler 136-139 

Bending 127-130-139 

Bending rolls 1 27-321 

Bending moments of beams 37& 

412 



Black sheets — weight of , . . . . 401 

Boiler plates 349-379 

Boiler shells 379 

Bevel shear 301 

Blower valve 266 

Blow-off valve 270 

Boilers — Babcock and Wilcox 9 

Belpaire 136 

Galloway 12 

Heine 10 

Marine 10 

Scotch 10 

Wooten 89 

Boiler fittings 266 

Boiler tubes 348-389 

Boiler shop machinery 295 

Boilers — types of 9 

Bolts — strength of 345-373 

Bolts — see crown bar bolts — stay bolts, etc. 

Boring and turning 1 52 

Brace for smoke box 263 

Breaking strength of bolts and pins 345-374 

Bridges between holes 104-106-135 

Butt seam 247 

Calking 274-280-284 

Calking tool 281-284 

Calking tool gage 281 

Centering tools '. 151 

Check valve 266 

Chipping cylinder saddle 289 

Cinder pocket 259 

Circles — properties of 341-351-364-367 

Circumferences of circles 341 

Clamps for drill press 339 

Clamps for smoke box door 261 

Coefficients of expansion 348-387 

Copper washers 206-21 1-217 

Corrugated furnaces 380 

Cosines 343~36i 

Co-tangents 343-358 

Crane for holding sheets at punch 109 

413 



Crane plates for hoisting 174 

Crane on punch 316 

Crow feet 1 98-223 

Crown bars 95-113-177-210-212 

Crown bar bolts 211 

Crown sheets 137 

Crown stays 205 

Cylindrical firebox 249 

Dash plate 239 

Decimal equivalents 347-383 

Deflection of beams 378 

Details 199-224-253-257-260 

Development — see laying out. 

Dies for riveting 1 85 

Dies — making 186 

Dome base 30-33-165 

Dome course sheet 47 

Dome flange 34-70-77-145-151 

Dome cover 78 

Dome — riveting 1 76 

Dome plates 348-395 

Dome sheets .30-120 

Dome sheet — laying out 30 

Dome sheets — welding 97 

Dome top t 55 

Dome casing 294 

Domes on slope sheet 154 

Dome 30-33-47-70-78-97- 1 20-1 51 -165- 176-234-275 

Drill— radial 336 

Drilling T43-148 

Drilling dome flange T45 

Dry pipe rin« 179 

Dry pipe support 239-245 

Drift pin 275 

Efficiency of joint 102 

Electrically driven shears 296 

Erecting -288 

Exhaust nozzle 243 

Expanding tubes 283-285 

Expansion — coefficients of 347-387 

4M 



Feet for stay rods 221 

Ferrules 211-284 

Finishing parts 288 

Fire box details 224 

Fire door 233-255 

Fire box sheet 25-131 

Fire box throat sheet 63-67-120 

Fire box steel specifications 382 

Fire brick tube 286 

Fire tube — construction of 286 

First course sheet — laying out 35 

Flanging and forging , 73 

Flanging dies and presses 81 

Flanging fire door 91 -255 

Flanging presses 83 

Flanging — action on dies 92 

Flanging — allowance for bunching 67 

Flanging press 303-306 

Flue calking .283-285 

Flush bottom riveter 190-326 

Flush top riveter 324 

Forging and flanging. 73-96 

Forging mud rings 96 

Forging water space frames 96 

Front end details 260 

Front tube sheet 41 

Furnace bearers 196-225 

Fusivle plugs 269 

Gages for bending 134 

Gage for calking 281 

Gages for planing 117 

Galloway boiler 12 

General tables 341 

Grates 226-231 

Gusset or slope sheet development 16-53 

Gusset sheet 1 14-122 

Hammer — pneumatic 282 

Hand riveting 171-191 

Handling sheets 81-84-109 

Handling boilers for riveting 172-174 

415 



Holding sheets ioo-i 18-125 

Heating rivets 186 

Heine boiler 10 

High pressure air tanks 183 

Hoisting ropes 277 

Holding drill to work 148 

Holding sheet while punching 109 

" planing 118 

Holder on 192-193-331 

Horizontal punch 314 

Hydraulic flanging press 303-306 

Hydraulic punch 308 

Hydraulic jacks 125-276 

Hydraulic riveters 172- 184- 190-326 

Hydraulic shears 297 

Inertia — moment of 346-377 

Iron — weight of round and square 399 

Iron — flat 400 

Irregular shaped sheet 25 

Jacket bands 293 

Jacks for holding plates 125-318 

Jacks — hydraulic 125-276 

Knocking out rivets 195 



Lagging 291 

Lapped seams 246 

Laying out dome sheet 28 

dome course sheet •. . . . 48 

first course 35 

fire box throat sheet 67 

front tube sheet 41 

general remarks 70 

gusset sheet 16-53 

side sheet 59 

smoke box sheet 44 

throat sheet 64 

work 26-70-72 

Layout of riveting plant 33? 

Laying out tubes . . 104 



416 



Leaks — testing for 290 

Liner for steam connections 248 

Locomotive boiler — construction of 15 

Logarithms , 342-3^6 

Loose rivets 194 

Lubricator 270 

Machinery for boiler shops 295 

Machinery parts 143 

Machine riveting 172 

Magnesia lagging 291 

Marine boilers 10 

Measuring wheel 26 

Measuring scale — paper 26 

Metric conversion tables 350-405 

Milling 163-167 

Moments of inertia 346-377 

Morison furnaces 380 

Mud rings 96- 146- 164- 166-226-249 

Mud ring bolts 231-233 

Multiple drills 151 

Multiple spindle drill 338 

Netting 258 

Oil heaters for rivets . . . . 335 

Operation of riveter 175 

Outside throat sheet 63 

Overweight of circular plates 396 

Patch bolt 254 

Perforated netting : . 258 

Pins— strength of 345-374 

Pin plates — bearing values of 376 

Pipe dimensions 348-390 

Piston drill — pneumatic 331 

Planing plates 11 5-1 18-163 

Plate planing 115-118-163 

Plate planing machine 317-320 

Plates— weight of 349-394-397 

Platform for operator 175 

Pneumatic hammer 283 

417 



Pneumatic riveter 182 

Pneumatic piston drill 331 

Pneumatic ''holder on" 330 

Pneumatic riveters 329 

Portable riveters 327 

Post drill 337 

Pressure for riveting 187-188 

Properties of saturated steam 345 

Punch — life of 103 

Punches 102-105-107 

Punches — how made 103 

Punch — vertical 108 

Punching 101 

effect on plate 102 

Punch for curved lines 104 

Punch — shearing 102 

Punching machine 307-312 

Punch for tube sheets 311 

Radial drill 336 

Ratchet drill 1 49 

Reaming 103-147-158-162 

Relief valve 334 

Removing rivets 195 

Rivet heads 1 70 

Rivets— boiler 349-393-403 

Rivets— tank 348-393-403 

Riveting by hand 171 -191 

Riveter stake 106-177-184-189 

Riveting 169-176-179-182-246 

Riveting — pressures J87 

K iveting dies 1 85 

Riveting dies — life of 185 

Rivets — heating 186 

Rivets driven per day -88 

Rivets — loose r 94 

Rivets — weak 2 § 2 

Riveting machine ' T72-175-184-189 

Riveting machine — Vauclain 190 

Riveting machinery ■ • • • 3 2 4 

Riveting plant layout 33? 

Rolling tube in sheet 2 &3 

418 



Rolls for straightening . . 323 

Ropes for hoisting 277 

Rotary shear 1 12-301 

Rushton throttle 236 

Saddle — chipping 289 

Safety valves 234 

Sand box 278 

Scotch boilers 10 

Screw threads 348-388 

Seams 116-141-246 

Segments of circles 343-304 

Shearing no 

Shearing punch 103 

Shears ; 111-112 

Shears — angle 302 

Shears — bevel 301 

Shears driven by electricity 296 

Shears — hydraulic 297 

Shears — rotary 301 

Sheets — thickness of 347-379 

Shock valve 334 

Side sheet 59-131-137 

Sines 343-3^1 

Sling for hoisting boiler 173-278 

Sling stays 207 

Slope or gusset sheet development 16-53 

Slope sheet — riveting 178 

Slots in bending roll 128 

Smoke stack base 78 

Smoke box brace . . .' 263 

Smoke box door 260 

" clamps 261 

Smoke box rings 100-155 

1 — allowance for 100 

Smoke stacks 265 

Smoke box details 257 

Smoke box sheet 44-106-135 

Spacing tubes T04 

Spark arresters 258 

Specifications for fire box steel 382 

Spiral seams 141 

419 



Splitting shears 299 

.Stake — see riveter stake. 

Stake or riveter „ 106 

Staybolts — drilled 200 

Staybolts flexible 201 -204 

Staybolt nipper 287 

Stay rods 219 

Stay rod feet 22 1 

Stays m-180-197-205-207-214-219 

Staybolts 197-199-205 

Steam connections 234-241-248 

Steam — properties of 345-368 

Steel plates 348-394-396 

Straightening rolls 323 

Strength of materials 345 

Strengthening sheets 248 

Stripping plate 310-315 

Support for dry pipe 239 

Support for throttle 238 

Tables 341 

Tangents 343-358 

Tank rivets 348 

Tanks 183 

Tapping 158 

Taps 159-161 

Testing for leaks 290 

Thickness of boiler shell 347 

Thickness of corrugated furnace 347 

Throat sheet — outside 63 

" — fire box 67 

h " — planing 120 

Throat stays 214 

Throttle lever arrangement 273 

Throttle support 238 

Throttle valves 235 

T irons 198-208-213 

Tools for flanging 94 

" " handling sheets 81-84 

Tube expanded in sheet 283 

Tube expander 2 85 

Tubes not all same length 290 

420 



Tubes — sizes of .;. 348-389 

Tube sheet cutters 144 

Tube sheet 157 

Tube sheet punch.... 311 

Turning and boring 152 

Types of boilers 9 

Universal flanging press 306 

Valves — see blow-off — safety — throttle, etc. 

Vauclain flush bottom riveter 190-325 

Vertical punch 108 

Wall drill 3s 7 

Washers — standard dimension 392 

Washout plugs 149 

Water glass 270 

Water space corner 250 

Water space frame 164-166 

Water — table of 349-404 

Water — volume of, in boilers 344 

Weak rivets 282 

Welding dome sheets 96 

" sheets 99 

Welt seam 247 

Welt strips 1 13-138 

Whistle valve 266 

Wide sheets — punch for 310 

Wooden lagging 293 

Wooten boiler 89-114-234 



421 



-1 r ~~~ a: 



T - ' 



/////////A 



S*r Copper Washer 
Steel Nut 



Details of Stay Bolts 



h 




-13^'- 



-2W" 



Fr^^U^^U^u^^U^CUvt^u^ 



. Plug Left Side,l^"Pipe Tap 
[Front Tube Sheet Only 



^ 000 CD C DCD 000(1) 00) CD Q 

^ °00000(D000000iiy 

^0000iD0000000Cg0 

^ 000000P0000Q0 
"-0^ 1000000 



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^ ^iDiDJpiDiDi^^^ 



. / / 

l^'Eipe Tap Right & 
,eft Front Tube Sheet 
-iOnly 






g^ 00000000 



re££: 0000 00000 



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000000 



>00O000 



00O- 



Plug X l^"Pipe Tap. Right & Left on Front Tube Sheet 
Corresponding Space on Back Tube Sheet Blank. 



The Derry-Collard Co. 



Plate JVo. 1 




Th, DtrrpCcllard 0). 



l^''PipeTa'p-(lAr' t — 

*- — -fF or-Blow-of f-Cock 

*5 







TAe Dtrry Collard Co. 



Plate No, 2 



_71_ 




Seam for ist Ring Sheet „ Seari:1 for Gusset ^ 3 

Ij$" Rivets & 3'd Ring Sheets w / sher 

Rivets jJ4" 

Detail of Stay Bolt 



Plate No. 3 




-23^-234-thus- 
j«— 2' -0^-30-thus4or-Expansioii^ 

The Berry Collard Co. 




^•O^-SO-thus-tor-EximnsioiMi 

T/u Dtrry Callard Co. 



Thottle Hole in 




Plate No. 4 



U i'.9W 1R Rnn^o.V'Rivets!—*-*. 




Jf-« X 1 ^2K"-f 2K"-f- 3 X"-^ »' 

I \""o""^""S'o'&^j 

I I Cp> <p r-O— 




'-■.".' lSRp:i,- t - -', "Rivits- 



:zi- 



W« /tor, CWW «.. 




5': 
Tee 



Front & Bad 
vertical rowi 
7 Upper row 
of Staybolts, 
to be 1" dia. 

also Back Sheet 

1" dia. 

All others 1^'dia.. 

^Staybolts turned 
^Cxdown betweer 



-Sheets 



•3 



MlddV: Pra-'p ou Inner r 



made thus 
Center Line of Boiler i^_ " 



j§ 



Lever Hole I 
Turret R.S. 3%" Hole 



3S 



H» 



K 



J_ 



-m + 



■Rivet 



lll'.l ..ii-Spuce.- 



+ > + 






>--f ♦ "t 



f + + +■ 



ft+t + 



* +"+ f 






itt + +Hit>M+> +Brltklrc£ittdsf^-^^-± 

4. + 4 + +■ + t f -t- t •+- -f +- + 4- +-4- 4- -f- + f -+-|-f- 

+ + t4Htf *tr +r ?r't" , M- ■*- f +A+ i + + it f !^ 

4^t * * t + + 4- +-j*jfc/fc Mu *■ ■*■ !*i t f + r- +f+ w U+ ' 



]poun tersuu|k outjidii ~| T"— — --tiiV* t i T ~ !- -_ 1 My, '-< 



120'. 48 Spaces 






Hole in 
UjqRad 




8th, 9th & 10th Rivets j Countersunk luslde on 
/■-th to 10th " 1 each side of Top Center 






Seam on Tup Cent. 



Ll-ll Hole R. & L. 
1 Left Side 




^r-a-o^tside-^f^-y— r/-y-y— -^ 



Over Tube Sheets 



y^l,_Thread_ 



J£* Liner 8' dia. 4 
j Kivrts Flush i>- 

outslde i- 

■ Sf Tap I 

10 Tl, ,.,..>,!.• 




St* 



f-^t+r 



f— l«jtf« — f— 
Cylind er BMts I 



_ ^ef t Side 



h 



>38wj 



I 



HEATING SURFACE 
Flues- 1854 c Ft. 

Fire Box 177" " 
Total 2031" 

All Holes in bottom of Mud Ring 7<s" Tap 



!ZU_- 



fefcs 




•«Q: 



=H^ £**=#* 



All Staybolts turned 

down to Base or Thread 
between Sheets 



m 

Crown Stays 







Full Lines denote Top row 
Dotted Lines denote Gotto 
Short Lines denote Studs 



(Arrangement of Furnace Bearers, Style No. _ 

HO=-!S-Spaees 




.'Jr. 






h-^s 



I 
i 



J 



8- 



Crown Sheet 



Front & Back 
rtical rows & 

"Khil-lnill-:, 

be r dla. 






4. + i4--4 ^ty - 

^tfew^-lJfr i 

ArdM^ - - - 



"f- 





Arrangement showing 

top row of Stay Bolts 

on Back Head 



Plate No. 5 



V,< Dcrri-Colhrd Co. 



^Vi^^!VS^\S^^^^\i^AS^!Vi^ 



CATALOGUE OF 
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PRACTICAL and 
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PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY 

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engineers nowadays, and what to do in case of break- 
downs. The revised pocket edition of "Locomotive 
Brakedowns ' ' is absolutely necessary to every engineer, 
fireman, and shop man, because it treats of every 
possible engine trouble, and presents the remedy, in 
the form of questions and answers. Just imagine all 
the common troubles that an engineer may expect to 
happen sometime, and then add all of the unexpected 
ones, troubles that could occur, but that you had never 
thought about, and you will find that they are all here, 
in this Up-to-Date Edition of "Breakdowns," with^the 
very best methods of repair. 

CONTENTS 



I. -Defective Valves; II.— Accidents to the Valve Motion; 
III.— Accidents to Cylinders. Steam Chests. Cylinders and Pistons; 
IV. -Accidents to Guides, Crossheads and Rods ; V, -The Walschaert 
Valve Motion ; The Baker- Pillord Improved Valve Gear ; Accidents 
that May Happen to these Gears ; VI.— Accidents to Running Gears ; 
VII.— Truck and Frame Accidents; VIII. - Boiler Troubles ; IX. — 
Defective Throttle and Steam Connections; X.— Defective Draft 
App'iances; XI. --Pump and Injector Troubles ; XII.— Accidents to 
Cab Fixtures: XIII.- Tender Accidents; XI V. — Miscellaneous 
Accidents: XV. — Compound Locomotive Accidents; XVI. — Tools 
a>*d Appliances for Making Engine Repairs; XVII.— Air Brake 
Troubles; XVIII.— The Pyle-National Electric Headlight. 



JUST PUBLISHED NEW POCKET EDITION 



WESTINGHOUSE E-T AIR BRAKE 
INSTRUCTION POCKET BOOK 

By WM. W. WOOD, Air Brake Instructor 

PRICE $1.50 

CONTAINS examination questions and answers on 
the E-T equipment. Covering what the E-T 
Brake IS. How it should be OPERATED. What to 
do when DEFECTIVE. Not a question can be asked 
of the ENGINEMAN UP FOR PROMOTION on either 
the No. 5 or the No. 6 E-T equipment that is not 
asked and ANSWERED in the book. If you want to 
thoroughly understand the E-T equipment get a copy 
of this book. It covers every detail. Makes Air Brake 
troubles and examinations easy. 

AMONG THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK ARE; 

The No. 6 E-T Equipment— the Valve— the Piping— the Gauges. 
The theory of the Triple Valve, and its principle in application to the 
E-T Locomotive Brake. The Distributing: Valve— Colored Charts 
showing each and every phase of its action accompanied by Col< red 
Piping Diagrams indicating the contained pressures. Theory of the 
Quick- Action Triple Valves, its Importance- its Principle in Appli- 
cation to the Quick-Action Distributing Valve of the No. 6 type. The 
E-6 Safety Vaive. The H-6 Automatic Brake Valve— theory and 
principle of the automatically acting brake-pipe pressure Equalizing 
Discharge Valve Construction of the H-6 Brake Valve. Trans- 
parency Plates in Color Tints showing the Rotary Valve, and through 
it the Rotary Valve Seat, Ports, etc., in each Operative position of the 
Brake Valve Handle. The S-6 Independent Brake Valve- Its Con- 
struction. Transparency Plates similar to tho?e of the H-6 Brake 
Valve, showing the arrangement of Ports in Rotary Valve and Seat 
in each position. The Double-Pressure, B-6 Feed Valve. The 
Duplex automatically controlled Excess and Maximum Pressure 
Pump Governor. The C-6 Reducing Valve. The "Dead Engine 
Feature" of the No. 6 E-T Equipment. Combined Air Strainer and 
Check Valve- its application to the Train Air Signal System. 

Operation of the No. 6 E-T Locomotive Brake- Freight Service- 
Passenger Service— Switching Service -General Braking Service- 
Grade Work, etc. Reporting Work on the No. 6 Equipment. Testing 
the Equipment. Leaking or Broken Pipes of No. 6 Equipment. 

The No. 5 E-T Locomotive Brake Equipment Its distinctive 
features as compared with the No. 6 Type— Its Operation -Leaking 
or Broken Pipes in the No. 5 Equipment. 

Filled with Colored Plates-Showing various Pressures 



NEW EDITION JUST PUBLISHED 

LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM 

By ROBERT GR1MSHAW, M. E. 
825 Pages 437 Illustrations and Three Folding Plates 

PRICE $2.50 

THIS book commends itself an once to every Engineer 
and Fireman, and to all who are going in for 
examination, or promotion. 

In plain language, with full, complete answers, 
not only all the questions asked by the examining 
engineer are given, but those which the young and less 
experienced would ask the veteran, and which old 
hands ask as "stickers." 

It is a veritable Encyclopaedia of the Locomotive, 
is entirely free from mathematics, and thoroughly up-to- 
date. Study it and ycu will know your engine thoroughly. 

CONTAINS OVER 4000 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 
WITH THEIR ANSWERS. 

AMONG SOME OF THE SUBJECTS TREATED ARE: 

Accidents and Emergencies; Air-Brakes; Alfree-Hubbell 
Gear; Allen Gear; Automatic Reducig Valve; Automatic Slack 
Adjutter; Auxiliary Reservoir; Blower; Boilers; Brake Cylin- 
der; Cab; Check Valve; Collisions; Combustion; Compound 
Locomotives; Crosshead and Guides; Cut-off and Expansion; 
Cylinder; Derailment; Eccentric Motion ; Eccentric Rods ; Elec- 
tric Headlight; Engine and Tender Brakts ; Engineman's Tender 
Valve; Equalizing Bars; Examination of Firemen; Firing; 
Firing with Oil; Four-Cylinder Compounds; Gears; Gooch Gear; 
Headlight; Indicator: Injector; Joy Gear; K Tripple Valve; 
Knocks and Pounds; Lubrication; Piston Valves; "Quick- 
Action" Brake ; Relief Valves : Richmond-Mellin Compound ; Slide 
Valve ; Slide- Valve Feed Valve ; Superheated Steam ; Sweeney 
Compressor; Tandem Compounds: Three-Cylinder Compounds; 
Vacuum Brake ; Valve Gears ; Valve Motion Models ; Valve 
Setting ; Walschaert Gear ; Young Valve Gear. 



THE WALSCHAERT 
LOCOMOTIVE 



By 
WM. W. WOOD _ ^ « A 

Air-Brakelnstructor VALVE GEAR 

Nearly 200 Pages P«.;,»4» <fcl Crt 

Fully Illustrated * rice «p 1 .01/ 

THIS BOOK IS COMPOSED OF FOUR GENERAL DIVISIONS 

THE First Division explains and anaylzes the Walschaert valve 
gear by a simple, fully illustrated kindergarten method show- 
ing the setting up the gear piece by piece, with the common 
philosophy of the action of each individual part. There are no 
algebraical formulae in this Division— just plain talk. 

The Second Division contains diagrams and formulae that will 
enable any machine shop foreman to design and lay out the Walsch- 
aert valve gear for any locomotive, with hints on inspection of the 
gear and rules for setting the valves. Here are two diagrams, in 
particular, on folding sheets, that show the position of the valve, 
link, and all other parts of the gear, when the main crank pin is at 
nine different points in its revolution — both with the outside admission 
D-slide valve and the piston valve of inside admission. Separate 
cardboard models of these two valves to be used in connection with the 
diagrams aie contained in a pocket in the book, and these two 
diagrams and valve models, alone, are worth more than the price of 
the book to any master mechanic, shop foreman, machinist, engineer, 
or fireman. 

The Third Division has to it with the actual work of the 
Walschaert valve gear on the road, and here are disclosed the advan- 
tages obtained from its use and the reasons why it is superior to the 
common double eccentric link motion. 

The Fourth Division could be used as a text book by itself. It is 
composed entirely of Questions and Answers on the Walschaert 
Valve Gear, which form a condensed, but complete, set of instruc- 
tion — not only descriptive of the valve gear, etc., but these questions 
and answers also refer to all of the common breakdowns on the road 
that may happen to a locomotive equipped with the Walschaert 
motion ; and this division is representative of the whole book ; the 
matter is so plainly written, and complete, that this last division of 
the work will enable any engineman to pats any examination on 
valve motion, or the Walschaert Gear. 

The book is fully illustrated, and a novel and interesting feature 
of the book is the folding diagrams with cardboard valve models, by 
means of which the actual operation of the valve under the 
influence of the Walschaert motion can be studied. 



LINK MOTIONS, VALVES AND 
VALVE SETTING 

By FRED H. COLVIN 
FULLY ILLUSTRATED PRICE, 50c. 

A HANDY book for the engineer or machinist that 
clears up the mysteries of valve setting. Shows 
the different valve gears in use. how they work, and 
why. Piston and side valves of different types are 
illustrated and explained. A book that every rail road 
man in the motive power department ought to have. 

CONTAINS CHAPTERS ON 



Locomotive Link Motion.— Direct and Indirect Mo- 
tion ; lap ; lead ; crossed rods, etc. 

Valve Movements.— Twelve charts showing com- 
plete movements of valves under various conditions of 
travel ; lap and lead. 

Setting Slide Valve. — Finding dead centers ; increas- 
ing or decreasing leads ; changing length of eccentric 
rods or blades ; moving eccentrics on axle. 

Analysis by Diagrams.— Illustrates the various con- 
ditions that occur with direct or indirect motion ; inside 
and outside admission and different methods of connect- 
ing the link. New facts and rules in connection with 
link motions and valve setting. 

Modem Practice. — Shows what is being done in the 
matter of eccentric rod length s ; angularity of eccentric 
rods; leads; proportions of travel; eccentric throw; 
lap; ports; piston speed, etc. 

Slip of Block.— Illustrates how and why "Slip" ex- 
ists and how it is hardly considered in modern practice. 

Slide Valves. — Shows balanced D Valve, Allen Valve 
and Wilson's American Valve. 

Piston Valves.— Shows eight varieties of piston 
valves; two styles of valve bushings or cages and device 
for getting water out of cylinder. Gives experience of 
several roads with piston valves. 

Setting Piston Valves. — Plain directions on points 
differing from slide valves. 

Other Valve Gears. — Joy-Allen, Walschaert, Gooch, 
Allfull-Hubbell, etc. 



THE APPLICATION OF HIGHLY 

SUPERHEATED STEAM TO LOCOMOTIVES 

By ROBERT GARBE 

Edited by LESLIE S. ROBERTSON 

Very fully Illustrated with Folding Plates and Tables 

PRICE, $2.50 

A PRACTICAL work specially prepared for the use 
of all interested in the application of superheated 
steam to locomotives, written by a man who probably 
has had greater experience and is more thoroughly 
familar, in a practical way, with superheated steam in 
locomotive practice than any other man on either conti- 
ent. While the book deals with highly superheated 
steam, the matter of low superheat is thoroughly dis- 
cussed. In addition to the theoretical discussion of the 
subject the book also contains full illustrated descrip- 
tions, with a discussion of the merits, of all the better 
known superheaters in the world. The details of the 
locomotive, outside of the superheater, for satisfactorily 
using steam at this high temperature are discussed and 
the designs introduced by Herr Garbe are illustrated. 
Reports on a number of very complete and practical 
tests form the concluding chapter of the work. This 
book cannot be recommended too highly to those motive 
power men who are anxious to maintain the highest 
efficiency in their locomotives. 

CONTAINS CHAPTERS ON 



I.— GENERATION OF HIGHLY SUPERHEATED STEAM. 

II.-SUPER HEATED STEAM AND THE TWO-CYLINDER 
SIMPLE ENGINE. 

III.-COMI'OUNDING AND SUPERHEATING. 

IV DESIGNS OF LOCOMOTIVE SUPERHEATERS. 

V.-DESIGNS OF LOCOMOTIVE SUPERHEATERS.-cont'd 

VI CONSTRUCTIVE DETAILS OF LOCOMOTIVES US- 
ING HIGHLY SUPERHEATED STEAM. 

VII.— EXPERIMENTAL AND WORKING RESULTS WITH 
SUPERHEATED STF.AM LOCOMOTIVES. 



rEB 19 1912 



One copy del. to Cat. Div. 



.FEB 20 1912 



